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STATISTICS OF CHOLERA : 



SANITARY MEASURES 



ADOPTED EY 



THE BOARD OF HEALTH 

PRIOR TO, AND DURING THE PREVALENCE OF THE 

EPIDEMIC IN PHILADELPHIA, 

f 

IN THE 

SUMMER OF 1849, 
CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 

»% r 

Prepared by the Sanitary Committee, approved by the Board, and ordered 
for publication, October 10th, 18-19. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

KIXG & BALED, PRINTERS, 9 SANSOM STREET. 

18 49. 




The following pages, embrace an account of the sanitary protective 
measures for the cleanliness and health of the City and Port of Phila- 
delphia, adopted by the Board of Health, prior to, and during the 
prevalence of the late Cholera Epidemic; together with a statistical 
history of the disease as it appeared among us. 

The whole subject of preparing a report, having been referred to the 
Sanitary Committee, they submitted the annexed document to the 
Board, on the 10th of October, 1849; when it was read and approved 
by them, and ordered to be published, as set forth in the following 
resolution : 

u Resolved, That the Report read be adopted, and referred to the 
Sanitary Committee to prepare for publication, and report to the Board 
the number of copies necessary to be published." 

At the meeting on the 17th of October, the Board resolved, "that 
fifteen hundred copies be published in pamphlet form." 



REPORT. 

The progressive advance of Cholera throughout 
continental Europe, during the years 1847 and 1848, 
and its appearance in England in the autumn of the 
latter year, claimed the serious attention of the Board 
of Health as early as November, 1848, and led them to 
the immediate adoption and rigid enforcement of a sys- 
tem of sanitary appliances, for the purpose of checking 
the progress and shortening the duration of this for- 
midable Epidemic, in the event of its arrival in the 
United States. To wi{ — by the careful removal of all 
those agents or accessory causes, which experience has 
proved, are abundantly fruitful, in favouring the promo- 
tion and spread of zymotic diseases. 

By a resolution of the Board, the Sanitary Committee 
had the whole subject of Asiatic Cholera under consi- 
deration, and after reviewing and investigating its his- 
tory and progress, from its appearance in the Spring of 
1846, at Kurrachee, in the delta of the Ganges, down 
to its outbreak in Sunderland and London, a course of 
travel parallel to that of '30 and '32, and having every 
reason to apprehend its irruption among us at no 
very remote period, submitted to the Board on the 
11th of November, 1848, a report, embracing the most 
important characteristics of the disease, and all that 
was necessary in a sanitary point of view, to be ob- 



served at that time. Among other recommendations 
in that report, the committee offered the following sani- 
tary resolutions for the action of the Board : — 

" Resolved, That the attention of the City Councils and the 
Municipal Authorities of the Districts of the County, be espe- 
cially called to the subject of sewerage ; and that said autho- 
rities be recommended to adopt measures, as early as practica- 
ble, to avoid surface drainage altogether ; also to attend to 
street paving, so as to avoid inequalities of surface, whereby 
water and refuse matters accumulate ; as a sanitary measure 
of paramount importance in the prevention and mitigation of 
Epidemic Cholera and other diseases. 

" Resolved, That the attention of the City Councils and the 
Municipal Authorities of the several Districts of the County, be 
called to a thorough and more frequent cleansing of the streets 
and gutters before 12 o'clock in the day; and to the cleansing 
of courts and alleys, and the prompt removal of filth and gar- 
bage therefrom ; and that they be respectfully requested, with 
citizens generally, to notify the Board of Health of any accu- 
mulation of filth or rubbish, of foul courts or alleys not within 
their jurisdiction— also of foul privies, pig-sties or piggeries, or 
any yards or cellars of houses where offensive matters exist ; 
so that by co-ordinate action we may establish a sanitary police, 
whereby the Epidemic influence may be in a great measure, if 
not entirely, counteracted. 

" Resolved, That the District Committees of this Board be 
requested to report to the Board of Health, all houses or places 
in their respective districts, suspected of being in an unhealthy 
condition, or likely to become so ; and diligently to inquire 
and report all causes or suspected causes of diseases in their 
neighborhoods, and particularly imperfect drainage of gutters 
in low situations, and the causes thereof — and that they be 
authorized to employ one or more agents to attend to or carry 
out the above important sanitary suggestions, when necessary." 

In offering these resolutions the committee were 
governed by the broad and well known principle, that all 
Epidemics are generally obedient to the same laws, gov- 
erned by like influences, and warmed into lively activity 
by certain atmospherical changes, yet modified by local 
circumstances, as filth, dampness, vitiated air, decom- 



posing animal and vegetable substances, crowded and 
illy-ventilated dwellings, bad drainage and sewerage, 
noxious gases, and other baneful agencies. 

These resolutions received the unanimous and hearty- 
co-operation of the Board, and prompt measures were 
immediately adopted, to carry out the spirit and intent of 
them without delay. Copies of the two first were for- 
warded to the City Councils and to each of the Muni- 
cipal Authorities of the districts in the county, while 
the third was referred to the several District Commit- 
tees of the Board, by whom it was executed with the 
utmost zeal and promptitude. So that by the thirteenth 
of December, there were five district sanitary agents at 
work in the field, to each of whom the following code 
of directions, approved by the Board, was presented, 
with strict orders to give it their faithful attention ; to 
wit : — 

" That they visit all houses, cellars, yards, school- 
houses, factories, slaughter-houses, streets, lanes, alle}^s, 
courts, and all other places within their respective dis- 
tricts, where nuisances may exist, for the purpose of 
examining if there are thereon, any nuisances tending 
to affect the health of the citizens, and to report to the 
Board, all hog pens, ponds of stagnant water, and such 
other nuisances as they may find." 

It is with the liveliest emotions that we acknowledge 
the zealous co-operation of the City Councils and the 
several Municipal Corporations, in the above measures, 
for the general good of the community. And it be- 
comes us to say, that a common sympathy for the pub- 
lic weal pervaded the above bodies, and that a marked 
disposition to put in force, from month to month, during 



6 

the past season of calamity, the various recommenda- 
tions of our Board, as far as they were compatible with 
other interests and claims upon their official position. 

While it is flattering to the Board, it must be grati- 
fying to their fellow-citizens to know, that the adoption 
and enforcement of the above preparatory sanitary 
measures for the promotion of cleanliness and the pre- 
servation of the health of our city, were neither esteemed 
unnecessary nor premature. Scarcely had the work of 
purification commenced, ere the fearful tidings reached 
us that the Cholera was on Staten Island, at the New 
York quarantine ground, and, a very few days after, the 
intelligence was conveyed to our city on lightning speed, 
that this desolating Epidemic had made its appearance 
in New Orleans. 

On the 20th of December, the Board appointed a 
committee to visit the quarantine station on Staten 
Island, for the purpose of obtaining official information 
as to the character of the disease, (it having been ques- 
tioned,) and all the facts connected with its appearance 
on the Island. This committee was received by the 
Health Officer at the quarantine station, with demon- 
strations of kindness, and every facility was afforded 
them through his politeness, and that of his medical 
staff, for acquiring all such information on the subject 
of the disease then prevalent among the inmates of that 
institution, as their mission contemplated ; nor can less 
be said, for the courtesy and manifestation of kindness 
on the part of the City Authorities of New York and 
the Sanitary Committee of their Board of Health, with 
whom the Committee took counsel in an official inter- 
view, at the Mayor's office in the City Hall. 



The report of this Committee, drawn up with much 
care, was presented and adopted by the Board on the 
30th of December, and embraced a wide field of inquiry 
and information, the result of which was, that Cholera, 
in all its undisguised integrity, had reached our shores, 
and that nothing now remained for the Board of Health, 
but to prepare to meet and combat this strange and 
mysterious enemy — an enemy which disregards all es- 
tablished laws of Epidemics, sets at nought all precon- 
ceived theories, leaps over sanitary cordons, flies with 
the speed of the locomotive, or the ship, over land and 
ocean, destroying one in every three upon whom it 
fastens its pestiferous poison. 

The appearance of the Cholera at Staten Island, and 
its almost simultaneous outbreak at New Orleans, is 
one of those peculiar coincidences which will forever 
be shrouded in obscurity. Carried into both ports by 
emigrant ships from Havre, where, when they sailed, 
there was no Cholera known to exist — the one leaving 
on the 3d of November, and the other on the 9th, fol- 
lowing nearly the same track, the disease appearing at 
sea on the 25th of November, in one, and in the other 
on the 28th, when most probably in the vicinity of each 
other, crowded with emigrants, uncleanly and badly 
ventilated — the inference is, that they must have passed 
through a stratum of atmosphere, loaded with some 
peculiar influence, which, under favorable circumstances, 
produced in both cases the cholera poison. Indeed, all 
the facts connected therewith, possess intrinsic value, 
both to the medical profession and the advocates of 
sanitary reform. 

The advent of Cholera into the United States having 



8 

been fully confirmed and established, the Board of Health 
resolved, so to exercise the prerogative of their position 
between the disease and the community, that they might 
be competent to discover the first impression from a 
tainted atmosphere and arrest the inroads of a pestilen- 
tial habitude. 

On the 3d of January, 1849, the Board passed the 
following resolution, persuaded that the accumulation 
of filth, arising from the deposit of refuse meat and 
vegetables with other extraneous matter in the streets, 
involves a nuisance injurious to the public health, and 
should be corrected. 

" Resolved, That it be recommended to the Municipal Autho- 
rities, holding markets for the sale of meats and vegetables in 
their respective districts, to have the streets, in which the mar- 
ket-houses are located, cleansed within such market squares as 
early as possible after holding such markets." 

The continuance and increase of the Epidemic at 
New Orleans, becoming a subject of apprehension, 
owing to the frequent communication between the two 
ports, the Board issued a proclamation on the 6th of 
January, requiring all vessels from New Orleans, or 
from any other port in the United States, where Cho- 
lera prevailed at the time of their sailing, to be detained 
in the stream, in order to receive a visit from the Port 
Physician, in the same manner and form, and subject to 
like penalties, as prescribed by law, in case of vessels 
from foreign ports. While the adoption of this mea- 
sure, and its enforcement, seems to involve the propo- 
sition of the contagiousness of Cholera, the Board would 
express no opinion for or against the doctrine of con- 
tagion, a question which has puzzled medical philoso- 
phers in every age, and which aided by the lights of 



9 

science and experience, is now undergoing an altera- 
tion which may eventually merge the strict contagious 
theory into a higher generalization. 

The object of the proclamation was strictly a sani- 
tary one, a public safeguard, to allay undue solicitude 
in the community, to cleanse the ship, dilute the poison, 
and take proper care of the sick. 

At the same meeting, January 6th, 1849, the Sanitary 
Committee were directed to report as early as practica- 
ble, what arrangements were necessary in regard to the 
location of Dispensaries and Hospitals, and the employ- 
ment of physicians, and nurses, &c, in the event of the 
appearance of Cholera in our City. 

On the 7th of March, the Sanitary Committee reported 
a plan of Cholera Dispensary and Hospital arrange- 
ments. 

By the 1st of April, the Sanitary agents had com- 
pleted their work of visitation. It would be impossible 
for the Board to enumerate the cases and causes of 
insalubrity discovered by them, and the numerous locali- 
ties which, by their exact investigations, were found to 
be fruitful sources of filth and disease. Their labours 
involved the Board in an amount of duty unparalleled 
in all former years, and heaped upon its officers an 
accumulation of multifarious business, of sufficient 
magnitude for twice the number then engaged. 

Every nuisance was reported by them to their District 
Committees, who were intermediate between them and 
the Board. The Committees examined their reports, and 
if satisfactory presented them to the Board, who, upon 
sufficient cause, declared the same to be nuisances preju- 
dicial to health ; whereupon a notice was served upon the 



10 

owner, agent, or occupant of the premises complained 
of, requiring the removal of the same within a specified 
time, according to the 27th Section of the Act of Assem- 
bly, passed January 29, 1818, and if not then done, to 
be done by the Health officer at their expense, and they 
prosecuted for the penalty. It was made a part of the 
duty of the agents to follow up these notices, and 
when not complied with, according to the act of the 
Board, to give the same into the hands of the Health 
Officer, who would have the nuisance removed, and 
forthwith commence a prosecution for the penalty. 
This explanation is made, in order to exhibit some con- 
siderable portion of the vast burden imposed upon the 
Board and its various officers, after the nuisances have 
been ferreted out.* 

A careless observer of the actual condition of our 
City as regards its cleanliness, would not fail to over- 
look the serious number of concealed nuisances, which 
are continually acting as the foci of an unhealthful 
atmosphere and disease, to be found within and adjoin- 
ing the premises, not only of the poor, but of those 
whose condition in society would place them far above 
suspicion. And whilst our City may enjoy, and well 
deserves the credit of being the cleanest in the Union, it 
must not be denied, that there do exist localities, and 
there may be found spots, hidden from the public eye, 

* The passage of a supplementary law, April 5 th, 1849, and which 
was read before the Board on the 18th of the same month, has greatly 
facilitated the sanitary operations of the Board of Health, by enabling 
them not only to destroy hog pens, but to seize upon the hogs, and 
deliver them as forfeited to the Guardians of the Poor, and has con- 
ferred upon them the same power also to remove the cause of nuisances, 
as they before possessed to remove nuisances. 



11 

where nuisances of the worst kind abound, generating 
and entailing disease, and sowing the seeds of physical 
death upon all around. 

It is to these nuisances that we desire to advert, in 
order to furnish the public with some feeble idea, not 
only of the investigations of a sanitary character, which 
have received the attention and occupied the time of 
the Board and its -officers, but to place before our fellow 
citizens, the amount of remediable evils, which have 
existed at their own doors as it were, and which have 
been removed during the past year. 



TABLE OP NUISANCES REMOVED, FROM OCTOBER 1848, TO OCTOBER 1849. 


Districts. 


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3 

00 

PI 

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73 

Si 

pi 

ci 

3 
5 

19 
9 

18 
4 
4 
5 

50 


'd 

= 

c 

1 

27 
22 
9 
9 
3 
11 

81 


73 



PI 

03 
oa 

"3 
>> 

S 
138 

29 
10 

7 
8 

2 

104 


o 

> 
o 

1 

1 

ID 

A 
<s> 

3 

d 

15 
IS 
4 
6 

11 

5 

50 


73 

1 
s 

00 

1 

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S"g 

00 P 

-£ * 

O m 
O r-5 
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59 
9 

13 
2 

12 

19 

114 


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of 

S 


a 
24 
4 
4 

32 


TS 

d 

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s 

O 

t 

53 

9 

12 

7 

10 

11 

40 


o3 

s. 

oa 

'£ 

23 
4 

27 


73 

= 

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'5 

10 

2 
2 

14 


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16 

10 


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2621 

1455 

691 

417 

681 

676 

19 

4 

9 

6573 


City Proper, 
Spring Garden, 
Moyamensing, 
Southwark, 
Northern Liberties, 
Kensington, 
Richmond, 
Penn District, 
West Philadelphia, 
Total, 


1122 
894 
115 
119 

457 

257 

6 

2970 


35 
1 
15 

2 

10 

03 


173 
20 
80 
19 
15 
33 

340 


90 
65 
70 
49 
47 
61 

2 
384 


265 
99 

44 
39 

37 

70 

1 
561 


251 

70 
45 
30 
48 
40 

2 

501 


42 
52 
13 
11 

3 
60 

5 

2 

188 


328 

150 

220 

102 

24 

SO 

8 

4 

2 

01s 



The foregoing table furnishes at a single glance, 
the number and character of the local nuisances, which, 
having undergone the most rigid and personal inspection 
by the Board and its officers, have been abated, since 



12 

the 1st of October, 1848, in the City and several districts 
under their jurisdiction. 

Full privies, constitute one of the most prevalent 
nuisances which demand the attention of the Board of 
Health— nuisances of the most disgusting character, and 
rendered more so from their being made, in frequent 
instances, a deposit for all kinds of kitchen garbage, 
yard refuse, and other offal. The number of privies 
cleaned, 2,970, is unparalleled in the history of any 
former year of the operations of the Board. Nor will 
it be overlooked by the sanitary observer, that the con- 
tents of nearly 3000 privies, removed from the immediate 
vicinity of our dwellings, must have been at once a 
source of great benefit, as well to the comfort as to the 
health of the citizens, by purifying the atmosphere 
around. Foul privies, 501 of which have been corrected,* 
are not behind full ones, as a prolific agent of a deteri- 
orated air, and alike destructive to health and offensive 
to every feeling of delicacy. 

The numerous ponds of stagnant waters, 198 of which 
have been filled or drained, found principally in the 
suburbs and on the borders of the new districts, and in 
the midst of improvements, are another effectual means 
for producing disease. Sending forth their stinking and 
morbific matter, or loaded with the minute and invisible 
sporules of cryptogamous production, and carried by 
the prevailing winds, may settle down on some near or 
more remote and favourable location, spending their 
venom in disease and death. 

It would fill a volume if we undertook to carry the 
reader through the thousand ' plague spots' in the list of 

* Chloride of Lime was the agent employed. 



13 

houses closed, and houses, yards and cellars cleaned, &c. 
&c, that have infested our city, and have undergone 
personal inspection by the Board and its officers, and 
which, as far as their ability and power extends, they 
have wiped away with the sanitary besom. Day after 
day in their personal visits, did they breathe the pes- 
tiferous atmosphere of some degraded or illy-ventilated 
purlieus, where extremes of filth and misery and loath- 
some disease met the eye; where horrid heaps of 
manure from hog and cow pens; putrefying garbage 
and refuse of every kind; carcases in disgusting de- 
composition ; filthy rooms and damp, dirty and mouldy 
cellars, full and foul privies in close and illy-ventilated 
locations gave off their noxious gases. Many of these 
localities were in close proximity to contracted and 
badly contrived houses, crowded by occupants, filthy 
and poor, without ventilation or drainage, or receptacles 
for refuse, or supply of water, or the common com- 
forts of life. 

We cannot, however, omit a brief allusion to the rag 
and bone establishments in the immediate vicinity of the 
wretched neighbourhoods of Baker, Bedford and Spaf- 
ford streets, Moyamensing, where moral debasement and 
physical disorder, set at defiance all law, and shame 
civilization ; the very hot-beds of everything offensive 
and disgusting. 

In these bone establishments, 16 of which were re- 
moved, we found heaps of assorted refuse of every 
variety, gathered by the numerous poor and degraded 
blacks who infest that vicinity, from the filth of streets and 
gutters, and vacant lots, and other receptacles for offal, 
consisting of old rags, bones, iron, shoe leather, paper, 



14 

glass, and dog manure, which sent forth a most horrid 
odour. The whole of these disgusting premises, were 
immediately declared to be, in the most positive terms, 
nuisances of the worst kind, and every one of them 
were emptied, cleansed, and closed up. A single visit 
to these " store-houses of refuse" was enough to con- 
vince the Board, that they must be highly injurious to 
public health, and productive of diseases of the lowest 
type. 

Besides these, there were other premises of a less 
objectionable character, but perhaps equally productive 
of an unhealthy and foul atmosphere, vacated and closed 
up. The condition of the block of buildings on the 
east of Front street, between Race and Vine streets, 
called loudly for the purifying hand of the Board of 
Health, and received their special attention. The 
crowded and foul state of these houses, and their entire 
unfitness for comfort and convenience, having neither 
yards nor privies, induced the Board to close up the 
worst of them for the season, and to have the remainder 
thoroughly cleansed and the population diminished in 
numbers. 

Slaughter-houses and butchers' yards required and 
received the special notice of the Board ; many were 
visited, the foulest of them shut up and vacated, while 
others were thoroughly cleaned by their orders. 

It will scarcely be thought out of place, to glance at 
the numerous hog pens which have infested many neigh- 
borhoods w 7 ith their noisome exhalations. Hitherto, 
there has been great difficulty in reaching effectually, 
these most disgusting and sickly receptacles of filth, but 
a late law of the Legislature, has enabled the Board of 



15 

Health to remove in a summary and by a very certain 
method, all hogs and pens within their jurisdiction.* Dur- 
ing the year past, 918 hog pens have been rooted out, 
and thus our city freed from their pestiferous effluvia. 

The character of the nuisances removed were 19 in 
number, and are classified under the following heads : 
privies cleaned, houses cleaned, houses closed, yards 
cleaned, cellars cleaned, privies purified, ponds filled or 
drained, hog pens removed, stables cleaned, filthy lots 
cleaned, filthy alleys cleaned, manure heaps removed, 
streets and gutters ordered cleaned, courts ordered 
cleaned, slaughter-houses cleaned, sinks cleaned, vaults 
cleaned, rag and bone shops closed, burial grounds closed. 

The whole number ofmuisances removed within one 
year, has amounted to the enormous sum of 6573, of 
which, with the exception of 146, were on private pro- 
perty, and hundreds of them were entirely concealed 
from the public eye. 

The table exhibits what may be thought a very 
unequal division of nuisances as charged to the several 
districts ; and the question may very properly be asked 
— why Spring Garden, one of the newest sections of our 
city, should contain so many nuisances, while Southwark 
shows comparatively few ? — the answer is, that in those 
districts where the most nuisances are reported, the most 
active agents were found. 

While we have not attempted to show up the condition 
in which we found the inlets to the public sewers and 
the street gutters, we may be excused by the public 
authorities for venturing an opinion, that, collectively, 
they possess the materials for creating the worst form 

* See note on page 10. 



16 

of nuisance. It is admitted by all sanitary observers 
that the foetid emanations from foul sewers and gutters 
are highly dangerous to health. The constant exposure 
of the contents of these gutters, consisting in a great 
measure of decomposing vegetable and animal refuse, 
to the sun at mid-day, and the action of the rain and 
refuse water from houses, hastens decomposition and 
putrefaction, producing exhalations both pestiferous and 
intolerable. 

The attention of the public authorities were directed 
to these nuisances, and we are happy to say, that to 
them we are indebted for their improved condition ; 
rendered so by the free use of the broom and water to 
the gutters, and the frequent distribution of chloride of 
lime for the inlets to the sewers. 

On the 11th of April, the Lazaretto Committee 
offered the following report, which was adopted by the 
board : 

Whereas Cholera is now said to exist at the Port of New 
Orleans, and in all probability may extend to other ports of this 
continent, and whereas passenger vessels arriving at this Port 
during the months of March, April, and May, frequently have 
on board cases of sickness of a contagious character, and inas- 
much as this Board is frequently compelled to remove such 
cases to the City Hospital, which practice, although under the 
circumstances dictated by the motives of humanity, is mani- 
festly improper, therefore, 

Resolved, That all ships or vessels arriving at this Port on 
and after the 20th day of this month, from any Port in Europe 
(having passengers on board) or from any Port where Cholera 
was known to exist at the time of her departure, together with 
any vessel having had, during her voyage, a case of Small-pox 
or infectious or contagious disease on board, shall stop at the 
Lazaretto, and there receive a visit, and be treated the same as 



17 

though such ship or vessel had arrived between the first day of 
June and the first day of October. 

Resolved, That the Health Officer be directed to issue a Pro- 
clamation addressed to the Captains and Owners of vessels 
and Pilots, in accordance with the above. 

In accordance with these resolutions, the Lazaretto 
Committee made the necessary arrangements to enforce 
the orders of the Board ; and on the 20th of April, a pro- 
clamation was issued by the Health Officer, giving notice 
to merchants, mariners and pilots, that the quarantine 
was in force, as to all vessels arriving from ports where 
the Cholera was prevalent at the time of their sailing. 

By the middle of May, rumors were in circulation, 
that the Cholera existed in our city. This impression, 
gaining credence in the community, and pervading the 
timid and those accessible to fear, with a gloom and 
terror, almost as alarming as the effect of the scourge 
itself, made it necessary for the Board of Health, in 
order to allay excitement and arrive at the truth, to ad- 
dress itself to a careful investigation of some of the 
causes through which the report may have originated. 
They were enabled to calm the anxiety which prevailed, 
by the publication in the daily papers of the following 
preamble and resolutions, which passed the Board, on 
the 23d of May. 

"Health Office, May 23d, 1849. 
" Whereas, reports are in circulation to the effect, that malig- 
nant Cholera exists at the present time in the City and County 
of Philadelphia, which are unfounded in fact, the Board of 
Health deem it a duty to disabuse the public mind, in regard 
to said rumors, at the earliest possible moment ; therefore, 

"Resolved, That having received no information officially, 
that malignant Cholera prevails in our City and County, the 

2 



18 

Board entertain the belief that there is nothing in the general 
state of health, within the bounds of its jurisdiction, calculated, 
in the least degree, to cause alarm, or excite apprehension of 
present or immediate danger to our citizens, and that our city- 
enjoys in every respect its usual exemption from disease." 

At the same meeting of 23rd May, the subjoined re- 
solutions were adopted. 

" May 23rd. 

"Resolved, That the Municipal Authorities of the City and 
County be requested to cause the gutters of the streets and 
alleys to be thoroughly washed and brushed every day, either 
before sunrise or after sunset during the present season ; also, 
to collect daily the kitchen garbage, &c, and likewise recom- 
mend to families to have their houses, cellars, and yards 
cleansed and whitewashed." 

"Resolved, That the President and Secretary be directed to 
confer with the proprietors and editors of the several newspa- 
pers, in respect to publications of rumors as to the existence of 
Cholera in our City and County, and suggest to them the pro- 
priety of suspending any publication of reports on the subject, 
unless officially from this Board." 

The first of these enactments, met the entire approval 
of the municipal authorities, who sustained the board 
in the excellency and in the exigency of the proposition, 
and without a moment's delay practically carried it out, 
to the great improvement of public cleanliness and the 
health of the citizens. The latter resolution was received 
by the editorial department with the same spirit which 
dictated its adoption, viz : the public good; and from 
that time forward, they embraced every suitable oppor- 
tunity to allay the cholera excitement, and to commend 
and favour the sanitary measures presented to the public 
by the Board of Health. 

The preceding were the principal sanitary police 
regulations instituted by the Board of Health, in advance 



19 

of the appearance of Cholera in Philadelphia. In all 
which administrative measures, they were influenced 
solely, by an ardent desire to place the city in the 
most favourable condition, in a sanitary point of view, 
to meet the scourge— adopting the great and ac- 
knowledged principle, that "prevention is better than 
cure," and that the removal and abatement of all those 
causes, which are calculated to feed and foster Epide- 
mics, are of far more importance to the vital and health- 
ful condition of the community, than can be, the most 
rigidlv enforced and best regulated medical treatment 
of the pestilence, when in our midst. 

The announcement, that three cases of Cholera were 
in the city, was made to the Board of Health on Wed- 
nesday, the 30th of May. Upon inquiry, it was ascer- 
tained that two of these cases were on board of a canal 
boat at Richmond, which had arrived the night before 
from Bridesburg, having on board three persons, two men 
and a woman, neither of whom had been to New York. 
One of the men had labored under diarrhoea for several 
days, and on the 29th was seized with Cholera, and 
died about 12 M. on the 30th ; the other, (both of whom 
were intemperate,) was attacked with Cholera after 
breakfast on the 30th, without any premonitory symp- 
toms, and died about 3 P. M. the same day. The boat 
was extremely filthy, confined, and damp. After the 
death of these men, the woman, who was not sick, being 
refused admittance into any of the houses at Richmond, 
owing to the panic, was taken care of by the Board of 
Health, conveyed to the City Hospital, and in a few 
days left the city for her residence, at Trenton, N. J. 



. 20 

The boat was hauled to a sand-bar opposite the city, 
and sunk. 

The third case, was in Fourth street above Shippen, 
Southwark, that of an Irish emigrant, who had been in 
the country but a short time, and had, within a few 
days prior to his attack, arrived in the city from New 
York. He died within ten hours from the commence- 
ment of the disease. 

On the 31st, one case was reported in Barclay street, 
City, a man who worked at Market-street Ferry, on the 
Delaware. On the 2d of June, two cases were reported 
in the City, one on the eastern and the other on the 
western section, near the Schuylkill. From this date, 
the cases gradually increased. 

It was now evident that the Epidemic influence 
was being felt in the community. Three cases had 
simultaneously occurred at two extremes of the eastern 
section of our city, while others were traced to inter- 
mediate points. There was a very general excitement 
and anxiety manifested among the citizens to learn the 
extent and the location of the disease, while rumour 
was actively engaged in multiplying cases. The people 
looked to the Board of Health for correct information, 
they being the only official organ of communication. 
The board, on the other hand, felt their responsibility ; 
they looked abroad, and beheld Cholera as the all-absorb- 
ing subject. They saw mingled fear and distress depicted 
in the countenances of the people. Their position was 
embarrassing. But their minds were soon made up to 
give the truth — to conceal nothing — as the best and 
most certain course to tranquilize the public mind, and 



21 

thus effectually guard against the influence of exagger- 
ated and unfounded statements of the Epidemic. 

At the meeting on the 30th of May, the Board re- 
solved to publish in the daily papers, the cases of Cholera 
that had been already reported ; to meet -daily there- 
after, and to issue a daily bulletin of all Cholera cases 
that should be reported to them. They also passed a 
resolution, requiring practising physicians in the city 
and several districts, to report daily, in writing, at the 
Health Office, by 12 m. their cases and deaths from 
Cholera, and the districts in which they were located. 

At the same meeting, they considered the propriety 
of making timely arrangements for furnishing medical 
aid to the necessitous and labouring classes; and, having 
satisfied themselves, that the most judicious relief would 
be obtained, by the establishment of local dispensaries 
throughout the city and districts, adopted the following 
resolutions : 

" Resolved, That local Dispensaries be immediately selected 
and established by this Board in the city and several districts, 
for the purpose of affording aid, and furnishing whatever medi- 
cines or other remedies that may be prescribed for cholera pa- 
tients, by any regular physician, either during the premonitory 
or more violent symptoms of the disease." 

"Resolved, That the several District Committees of the Board, 
be requested to report at 12 M., of to-morrow, or as early as 
practicable, the names and localities of such persons in their 
respective districts, as may be proper to select, in accordance 
with the above resolution, and the terms upon which such medi- 
cines or other remedies as are required, may be furnished." 

As a further sanitary regulation, the following was 
adopted for general and special application. 

" Resolved, That when any case of malignant or contagious 
disease may be reported to this Board, the messenger, or such 



22 

officer as the Sanitary Committee may direct, shall forthwith 
visit the premises, and report to this Board what action, if any, 
may be necessary in reference to the removal of the patient, or 
the cleansing of the premises." 

The frequent applications made to the Board, from 
week to week, during the summer months, for permits 
to remove dead bodies from one church-yard to another, 
led them to inquire into the evils that might follow such 
disinterments, especially during the prevalence of an 
Epidemic, from the inhalation of the noxious gases, ema- 
nating from the decomposing bodies, by those who are 
compelled to reside in the neighbourhood of grave-yards. 
This inquiry, resulted in the adoption of the following 
resolution, on the 5th of June. 

" Resolved, That no further permits be granted for the re- 
moval of dead bodies from one burial ground to another, until 
otherwise ordered by the Board." 

On the 3rd of June, a committee of the Board had an 
interesting conference with a sub-committee of Coun- 
cils, " relative to the best means of securing the health 
and cleanliness of the city." In this joint committee 
there was a free interchange of sentiment, which resulted 
in the determination to co-operate with each other in 
the faithful performance of those high functional duties 
devolving upon them, for promoting the health and pre- 
serving the cleanliness of the city, during the prevalence 
of the Epidemic. 

At this juncture, the question of watering the streets, 
during the heat of the day, absorbed the mind of the 
Board, which resulted in the adoption of the following 
resolutions : 

" Resolved, That the City Councils, and the municipal au- 



23 

thorities of the several districts, have their attention directed to 
the improper and constant practice pursued by many of the 
citizens at all hours of the day, of scattering the filthy and 
muddy water from the gutters, and otherwise wetting the 
streets, as a nuisance productive of humidity, and dangerous to 
health at this season of the year.*' 

" Resolved, That they be earnestly requested to pass forth- 
with an ordinance, prohibiting this unhealthy and indiscrimi- 
nate application of mud and water, believing that a faithful 
compliance on their part with the recommendation of this 
Board for washing the gutters and collecting kitchen offal, is 
required to preserve cleanliness and health." 

Copies of these resolutions were forwarded to Coun- 
cils and to the several municipal authorities in the 
districts; and the Board not only take pleasure in ex- 
pressing their sense of the prompt manner in which 
these recommendations were complied with by the dif- 
ferent authorities, but that their judgment, as regards 
watering the streets during the hot days of summer, 
is borne out by the most respectable medical and scien- 
tific evidence that our city can produce.* 

The overwhelming accumulation of business (brought 
into the office,) occasioned by the co-operative labours 
of the Councils, and the City Police, the District Com- 
mittees and the agents of the municipal authorities, 
together with the fears and apprehensions of an excited 
people, rendered it highly expedient for the Board to 
engage the services of several assistants, in order to 
carry out promptly and efficiently their orders in the 
timely removal of nuisances — accordingly, by the 4th of 
June, there were five additional assistant messengers 
actively employed in pursuing reported nuisances. The 

* See Report of Sub-Committee of Councils on Cleansing the City, 
1849. 



24 

services of these men were invaluable ; and the best 
evidence we can furnish of the arduous labours of all 
our out-door agents is, the number and variety of 
nuisances removed, as recorded in this Report, (p. 11.) 
On the 11th of June, the Board passed the following 
resolution. 

" Resolved, That application be made to the County Board, 
for the sum of $1 0,000, to assist in defraying the expenses in- 
curred in our plan of sanitary operations throughout the city 
and county, and other measures necessary to be adopted, with 
the view of preventing the spread of Asiatic Cholera in our 
community." 

The 5th Section of a Supplement to an Act, relating 
to the Board of Health, passed February 10th, 1832, 
authorizes the Board to call upon the County Commis- 
sioners, by consent of the County Board, for funds to 
defray all necessary expenses incurred by them, in the 
execution of their duties, — whenever the fees paid into 
the office are inadequate to the same. The time had 
now arrived, for the Board to make a demand upon the 
County Treasurer — in consequence of the numerous 
Sanitary measures, necessarily devolving upon them at 
this crisis, to be enforced, for the preservation of the 
health of the City. The sum asked for, would appear 
to be large, and no doubt many will be disposed to 
question, both the propriety of the requirement on the 
part of the Board, and the need of abstracting an 
amount so great from the County funds. In answer, we 
would only reply, that the Board of Health are obliged 
to account publicly for every dollar expended by them, 
and that, in the language of another, " It is only the 
purblind or the ignorant, who cannot see, that the largest 
sum that could possibly be required to carry out every 



25 

necessary improvement, is actually exceeded by the in- 
exorable tax, levied upon the community, as the con- 
sequence of bad Sanitary arrangements." 

As early as the 4th of June, when the several com- 
mittees of the Board had reported the names and loca- 
tions of the Druggists whose stores they had selected 
as Dispensaries, the Board directed the Clerk to have 
the following resolution published, in connection with the 
names and residences of the District Committees and 
the locations of the Dispensaries, for the benefit of the 
public. 

Resolved, That the several District Committees be directed to 
make the following arrangements with the Druggists and Apo- 
thecaries, whose places of business they shall select as local 
Dispensaries during the prevalence of cholera, or until other- 
wise ordered by the Board. 

1st. That the said proprietors of the Dispensaries shall afford 
aid, and furnish medicines, or other remedies, (at the usual rate 
of prescription charges,) as may be prescribed by the practising 
physicians for cholera patients, whenever in the judgment of 
the physician such patients are not able to pay for their own 
medicines, provided, these prescriptions are endorsed with 
the date, the residence, and wherever practicable, the name of 
the patients, accompanied with the letters B. H., signifying, 
" charge to the Board of Hearth," which they shall preserve 
as their vouchers. 

2d. That the Dispensaries shall be kept open all hours of 
the day, and be accessible at all hours of the night, for the 
accommodation of the sick. 

3d. That in the event of persons being suddenly attacked in 
the streets, and who are without homes or friends, they shall 
be received into the nearest Dispensary, and the proprietor of 
such Dispensary shall give information, as soon as possible, to 
the Chairman, or any one of the members of the Committee of 
the District, in which the case has occurred, who shall take 
such action as may be necessary. 

4th. That bills, accompanied with the prescribed vouchers, 
shall be presented to the Board monthly, by the several pro- 
prietors of the respective local Dispensaries. 



26 

The District Committees of the Board of Health are as 

follows : 

N. W. DISTRICT.— SPRING GARDEN AND PENN. 

Chairman, Wilson Jewell, M. D., No. 238 North Sixth street. 

Benjamin E. Carpenter, No. 215 Coates street. 

Joseph Wood, No. 443 North Seventh street, above Poplar 
street. 

J. D. Logan, M. D., No. 27 Logan Square, Vine street, west 
of Schuylkill Fourth street. 

N. E. DISTRICT. — KENSINGTON, NORTHERN LIBERTIES AND 
RICHMOND. 

Chairman, Jeremiah E. Eldridge, Germantown Road, above 
Fifth street. 

Oliver Evans, William street, between Point-no-Point Road 
and Delaware. 

Charles Delany, No. 43 Queen street, Kensington. 

William Goodwin, No. 305 North Second street. 

NORTH CITY DISTRICT. 

Chairman, Edward Duff, No. 39 Race street, and No. 35 North 
Wharves. 

Samuel W. W T eer,No. 147 North Twelfth street, and No. 21 
South Eighth street. 

John A. Elkinton,M. D. No. 102 North Fifth street. 

SOUTH CITY DISTRICT. 

Chairman, John C. Martin, No. 319 Spruce street. 
John Lindsay, No. S Belmont Place. 

Edward C. Markley, No. 19 Madison street, and No. 4 Minor 
street. 

SOUTHWARK AND M0YAMENSING. 

Chairman, Benjamin Martin, No. 463 South Second street. 
Robert G. Simpson, No. 123 Queen street. 
Robert F. Christy, No. 289 South Ninth street. 

WEST PHILADELPHIA. 

Henry Pleasants, M. D., Washington street, above Mary 
street, W. P. 



27 

The Druggists appointed under the above arrangement are 
as follows : 

RICHMOND. 

C. S. Peale, William and Richmond streets. 

KENSINGTON. 

George C. Bower, Third and Germantown Road. 

T. W. Vaughan, Queen and Hanover streets. 

R. Etris, Frankford Road, opposite Commissioners' Hall. 

E. Morris, Germantown Road, Cohocksink. 

NORTHERN LIBERTIES. 

John Horn, corner Third and Brown streets. 
Benj. H. Sleeper, Fifth opposite George street. 
S. P. Shoemaker, Second above Noble street. 
George Snowden, corner Fourth and Noble streets. 

FAIRMOUNT. 
Geo. S. Hammill, Callowhill and west Schuylkill Front. 

FRANCISVILLE. 
Dr. A. Leiper, Railroad and Schuylkill Seventh street. 

SPRING GARDEN AND PENN. 

Abraham R. Horter, corner Broad and Coates streets. 

John T. Farr, corner Twelfth and Callowhill streets. 

Thomas R. Hawkins, corner Twelfth and Coates streets. 

John Hocker, Jr., corner Eleventh and Poplar streets. 

Wm. B. Webb & Co., corner Tenth and Spring Garden streets 

George W. Manson, corner Tenth and Thompson streets. 

J. N. Moore, Spring Garden street, below Eighth. 

Lay & Co., comer Eighth and Coates street. 

Dr. Joseph W. Farley, corner Seventh and Poplar streets. 

Wm. F. Bender, 224 Callowhill street. 

Livermore & Co., corner Sixth and Buttonwood streets. 

CITY. 

H. Erben, corner Twelfth and Vine streets. 
George Glentworth, Chester and Race streets. 
John L. Lippincott, 104 North Fifth street. 



28 

Thompson & Son, south side of Race, between Second and 

Front streets. 
A. H. Yamall, corner Schuylkill Third and Lombard streets. 
John Goodyear, Schuylkill Sixth and Pine streets. 
Joseph H. McMaken, corner Broad and Spruce streets. 
J. W. Simes, Schuylkill Front and Market Streets. 
J. Turnpenny, corner Tenth and Spruce streets. 
Charles Shivers, corner Seventh and Spruce streets. 
Thomas J. Husbands, corner Third and Spruce streets. 
George Mellor, Walnut below Fourth. 
Henry Zollikoffer, corner Sixth and Pine streets. 
Robert. C. Davis, corner Vine and Schuylkill Seventh streets, 
W. J. Carter, Schuylkill Seventh and Chestnut streets. 

SOUTHWARK. 

Giles Boulton, cor. Second and Catherine streets. 
Geo. W. Chambers, cor. Plum and Fourth streets. 
Wm. M. Reilly, cor. Second and Wharton streets. 

MOYAMENSING. 

Charles Rizer, cor. Shippen and Fifth streets. 
George F. Allen, cor. South and Thirteenth streets. 

WEST PHILADELPHIA. 

Banks & Walton, S. E. cor. of Washington and Mary streets. 
By order of the Board of Health. 

SAMUEL P. MARKS, Clerk. 



This humane and wise regulation, by which the poor 
of the community, attacked with Cholera, or its pre- 
monitory symptoms, could obtain medicine without 
charge, on the order of any respectable physician, and 
thus be enabled to receive attention at their own homes, 
proved of great advantage in ameliorating the condition 
of many, who would otherwise have perished for the 
want of timely assistance. Hundreds of our citizens, 
poor, though worthy, embraced this privilege, and we 



29 

have reason to believe that valuable lives were saved, 
by this judicious and wholesome sanitary arrangement. 

The Board would be neglecting an important part of 
their duty, did they fail here, in noticing the benevolent 
zeal and the meritorious conduct of the members of the 
medical profession, during this trying period. With no 
expectation of pecuniary reward, they stood ready to 
lend their aid to the suffering poor. By night or by 
day they were found in the pent-up chambers of the 
sick and the afflicted, breathing a loathsome and pes- 
tiferous atmosphere, cheerfully and assiduously adminis- 
tering to their relief. Exposed to contagion, if any ex- 
isted, and at the hazard of health and life, with no other 
reward than the pleasure of doing good to suffering 
humanity in a god-like profession. 

The continued and alarming increase of the epidemic, 
determined the Board of Health to carry out and to 
complete their plan of hospital arrangements. Accord- 
ingly the following Report of the Sanitary Committee 
was adopted on the 27th of June. 

The Sanitary Committee have had under conside- 
ration the subject of Cholera Hospitals, referred to 
them by the Board, and respectfully submit the follow- 
ing Report : 

1. Resolved, That temporary Cholera Hospitals shall he 
immediately established, and organized in suitable localities in 
the City and several Districts, viz. : for the northern and west- 
ern part of Spring Garden, and the western part of Penn Dis- 
trict, and north-west part of the City, the City Hospital at Bush 
Hill — for the eastern part of Spring Garden and Penn,* one — 

* There was no Cholera Hospital opened in this district. 



30 

for the Northern Liberties, one — for the eastern and western 
parts of Kensington, one each — for Richmond, one — for South- 
wark, one — for Moyamensing, one — for the City, three — for 
West Philadelphia, one — into which all Cholera patients, who 
cannot have attention at their own homes, shall be received 
upon the order of any practising Physician, or upon the order 
of the Clerk, or a Member of the Board of Health. 

2. Resolved, That for each Cholera Hospital there shall be 
appointed one principal Physician, and one assistant Physician, 
and other assistants when deemed necessary, by the respective 
Committees, who may be either graduates or competent stu- 
dents of Medicine. The principal Physician shall have the en- 
tire control and oversight of the Hospital, as far as relates to 
the management of the sick ; he shall select his own male and 
female nurses, of whom there shall be one chief female nurse, 
or matron, and one male and female assistant nurse for every 
ten male or female patients, or for a fractional part thereof. 
The appointment, however, of these nurses, shall be reserved 
for the Board, if they approve of the same. The assistant 
Physician shall be under the direction of the Principal, and 
shall remain in the Hospital day and night. He shall keep an 
accurate register of all cases admitted, under the direction of the 
Principal, in a book provided for the purpose, who shall report 
to the Board of Health, every day at 12 o'clock, M., all cases 
occurring in his Hospital. 

3. Resolved, That the salaries of the Hospital Physicians 
shall be $5 per day, and the salaries of the assistant Physicians 
to the Hospitals shall be $3 per day, without board. That the 
wages of the nurses in chief shall be $5 per week, and the as- 
sistant nurses $3 per week, including board. It is understood 
that the compensation will not commence at the time of their 
appointment, but when their services are required, and to con- 
tinue until otherwise ordered by the Board. 

4. Resolved, That the location for the Hospitals, and the ap- 
pointment of Hospital Physicians shall be determined by the 
Board. 

5. Resolved, That the appointment of Hospital Physicians 
and Nurses take place as soon as the necessary preparation can 
be made for the same, with the express understanding that the 
salaries of the Physicians and Nurses, and the rent of the Hos- 
pitals, shall not commence until they are called into requisition 
by an order from this Board. 



31 

6. Resolved, That the necessary furniture and requisitions 
for the Cholera Hospitals be procured by the District Commit- 
tees, an inventory of which shall be made and kept by said 
Committees. 

7. Resolved, That the Sanitary Committee be instructed to 
have in readiness convenient litters for the sick, coffins and 
hearses for the dead, and a suitable number of bearers and 
drivers, whese services can be had at any moment, (night or 
day) whose compensation shall be fixed by the Committee, but 
who are not to be paid unless in actual service. 

8. Resolved, That the several City and District Committees 
shall have charge of the Cholera Hospitals in their respective 
Districts, subject to the general superintendence and control of 
the Board. 

Impressed with the fact, that large gatherings, es- 
pecially in public and other buildings, during the pre- 
valence of an Epidemic, where there cannot be a suffi- 
cient ventilation, is a fruitful cause of debility and ex- 
haustion of the vital resources, the Board adopted the 
following sanitary recommendation. 

" Resolved, That it be respectfully recommended to the Con- 
trollers of the Public Schools to vacate, at as early a period as 
practicable, during the present prevailing epidemic, the schools 
under their supervision, and especially to close forthwith the 
primary schools that are located in the basements of churches, 
or in other confined or illy ventilated apartments." 

A copy of this resolution was addressed to the Con- 
trollers of the Public Schools. 

In view of the approaching National Anniversar) r , 
the too free indulgence in ardent spirits, and the many 
indiscretions that persons are guilty of, on occasions of 
public rejoicings and festival recreations, where thou- 
sands are collected together, the Board, on the 28th of 
June, passed the following recommendatory resolution : 



32 

" Resolved, That the Board of Health deem it advisable, and 
recommend to the various clubs and associations to dispense 
with the usual celebrations on the ensuing anniversary of the 
4th of July." 

It is with sincere pleasure that the Board take this 
opportunity to state, that in compliance with this advice, 
many public gatherings were avoided, and numerous 
clubs and associations postponed their contemplated 
excursions. 

At the meeting on the 28th, a committee that had 
been previously appointed to confer with the Controllers 
of Public Schools, on the subject of granting the use of 
certain school-houses for Cholera Hospitals, submitted 
the following report, which was unanimously adopted. 

" Resolved, That the following proceedings be entered on the 
minutes of this Board, and a copy sent to the Board of Con- 
trollers before 3 o'clock, P. M., this day, with a copy of the 
resolution of June 2Sth, to hold a special meeting this evening, 
&c. Impressed with the propriety of the measure sanctioned 
by the College of Physicians, City Councils, and a very general 
expression of public opinion, the Board of Health unanimously 
agreed upon designating certain public school-houses as suitable 
places for Cholera Hospitals, agreeably to the plan pursued in 
1S32, should the present epidemic render the establishment of 
temporary hospitals necessary. And whereas, it is important 
as a sanitary measure, to avoid congregating together in large 
assemblies, which has a tendency to impair the salubrity of the 
atmosphere ; this Board believed the Board of Controllers would 
see the propriety of vacating at once most of the public schools 
for the education of children, and consent to their use as hospi- 
tals for destitute cholera patients, and thus by co-operating with 
the Board of Health in the present emergency, they would be 
carrying out the spirit of the law, and be the wisest and best 
appropriation of public beneficence that could possibly be made 
at this time. And whereas, it becomes all public bodies to fra- 
ternise together and disregard all minor or technical considera- 
tions when the hand of God is upon the people, and chastening 
them by manifestations of His mighty power, and whereas but 



33 

three public school-houses have been designated in the city, 
viz., 5th and Cherry Street, 6th and Lombard Street. and Ash- 
ton and Lombard Street on the Schuylkill ; one in Spring Gar- 
den, on Buttonwood Street, one in Moyamensing, 11th below 
Carpenter Street, one in Southvvark, Carpenter Street above 
6th, one in the Northern Liberties, 3rd and Brown, one in West 
Philadelphia, Chestnut near Margaretta street, with the proba- 
bility that all will not be required, and perhaps a less number 
than in 1832, it is 

" Resolved, That the controllers be respectfully requested to 
allow and appropriate such public school-houses for cholera 
hospitals, as were used for that purpose in 1832, and an addi- 
tional number as may be designated by the Board of Health." 

The Board have cause to regret the manifest unwil- 
lingness, on the part of these public functionaries, to co- 
operate with them in the cholera emergency, as they 
would neither grant the schools for hospitals, nor close 
them, in accordance with the united recommendation 
of the Board of Health, the City Councils, and the Col- 
lege of Physicians. 

On the 29th of June the following resolution passed 
the Board. 

" Resolved, That it be recommended to the City Councils, 
and the district municipal authorities, to have the contents of 
the carts collecting kitchen offal, intermixed with chloride of 
lime during their progress through the streets, and when en- 
gaged in gathering the offal." 

On the 29th of June the Cholera Department of the 
Bush Hill Hospital was opened for the reception of Cho- 
lera patients ; and, by the 5th of July, there were five 
Hospitals organized and in active operation, viz., Cherry 
street, (City,) Southwark, Moyamensing, Northern Li- 
berties, and Bush Hill. 

The energy and diligence displayed by the members 

3 



u 

of the several district committees, in securing suitable 
buildings for Hospitals, fitting them up and furnishing 
them with the necessary requisitions, after a notice so 
limited, deserves the highest commendation. 

On the 12th, the Richmond Hospital was opened; 
on the 14th, the Kensington and the Pine street, (City); 
on the 18th, the South street, (City); and on the 23d, 
the West Philadelphia ; in all, ten, including the Bush 
Hill Hospital. 

On the 9th of July, the Board adopted the following 
resolutions, and ordered them to be published for one 
week in all the daily papers, also in hand-bills to be 
posted at the corners of the streets, together with a list 
of the several Hospitals, and the names and residences 
of the several physicians attached thereto. 

" 1st. Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to all per- 
sons affected with any derangement of the stomach or bowels, 
who cannot be properly provided for at home, immediately to 
avail themselves of the hospitals prepared for cholera patients, 
or the advice of hospital physicians, who will prescribe and fur- 
nish medicines at all hours, gratis." 

{l 2nd. Resolved, That to prevent collapse and save life during 
the epidemic influence, it is of primary importance promptly to 
arrest the diarrhoea or first stage of cholera, which can only be 
done by rest and appropriate medicine" 

Anxious to meet every contingency, and overcome 
all the moral, as well as the physical exciting causes 
in the community, that might predispose the system to 
an attack of the Epidemic, the Board on the 10th of 
July adopted the following resolution, which, they are 
gratified to say, met the decided approbation of the 
fire department. 

" Resolved, That it be respectfully recommended to the Pre- 



35 

sidents and members of the different Fire Companies of the 
City and County of Philadelphia, not to ring their bells, and 
not to run unless it is certain that fire exists, and their servi- 
ces are actually required, as excitement and violent exercise 
impair the vital energies, and thereby increase the suscepti- 
bility, and predispose the system to an attack of cholera." 

On the 13th of July, the Board received the following 
resolution, in a communication from the Sanitary Com- 
mittee of Councils. 

" Resolved, That the Board of Health be respectfully inform- 
ed, that this committee have heard a rumor that the number of 
cases and deaths by cholera, reported at the Blockley Alms 
House is incorrect, and that the same should be inquired into, 
which was referred to Messrs. Boswell, Snowden and Christian, 
to confer with the Board of Health, and obtain information on 
the subject." 

Warned of the unfavourable reports floating in the 
community, prejudicial to the interests and character of 
a great public corporation, and the officers in their em- 
ploy, the Board, without hesitation, in order to allay the 
anxiety occasioned thereby, referred the whole subject 
to the Sanitary Committee. This led to a searching 
investigation, and resulted in the adoption of the follow- 
ing report from the said Committee. (See Appendix, 
No. 1.) 

It is needless, here, to multiply remarks upon the cir- 
cumstances involved in the examination made of the 
Blockley Alms House, by the Joint Committee of Coun- 
cils and the Board of Health. The report tells the whole 
story; and while we have ventured to place the Board in 
a disagreeable position with the conductors of that 
institution, by making ourselves and the public cognizant 
of its then existing evils, we take pride in announcing, 
that after our visit and report, they were assiduous 



36 

in their efforts, to correct everything which could pos- 
sibly affect the health or the lives of the inmates. Nor 
did they spare expense, to make every necessary pro- 
vision for the trying emergency in which they found 
themselves placed, during those terrible scenes of ex- 
citement, disease and death, into which they were sur- 
prised by a fearful onset of the Cholera. 

By the 8th of August, it was apparent to the Board, 
from the daily reports of cases in private practice, the 
few cases admitted into the Hospitals, and other con- 
trolling circumstances, that the Epidemic was gradually 
declining. With this view they passed the following 
resolution : 

" Resolved, That all the Cholera Hospitals except the Cherry 
street, Moyamensing and Richmond, be closed for the reception 
of patients by the different Committees, on and after the ninth 
inst." 

So that after the 9th of August, there were only three 
hospitals open to receive patients, which were also dis- 
continued by a resolution of the Board on the 28th of 
August, there being no longer any need for them, as 
the Epidemic seemed to be passing rapidly away. 

This favourable change in the course of the Disease, 
led the Board to discontinue the Dispensary arrange- 
ments, by the adoption and publication of the following 
resolution : 

" Resolved, That the Clerk be directed to give notice in the 
several newspapers publishing for the Board, and in the Public 
Ledger, that the furnishing of medicines to poor Cholera pa- 
tients, from the several Dispensaries established by this Board, 
will be discontinued on and after Saturday, the 11th inst." 

The cheering indications presented to the Board of 
Health of the subsidence of the Epidemic, and their 



37 

desire to enhance the welfare and comfort of their fellow- 
citizens, as well as to subserve the interests of the 
business community, and draw back again those 
streams of wealth which had been directed into other 
channels of commerce, led them, on the 18th of August^ 
to adopt the following preamble and resolution, which 
were published in the daily papers : 

"Whereas, In the opinion of this Board, Cholera no longer 
exists in our community as an epidemic, therefore, 

"Resolved, That daily bulletins will be no longer issued by 
this Board, unless our City and County should be visited by a 
return of Epidemic Cholera." 

This announcement gave general satisfaction, and 
had its desired effect, both at home and abroad, by allay- 
ing all excitement, and restoring to our commerce its 
accustomed amount of trade. 

Fearful that the wholesome sanitary regulations for 
cleansing the streets, which had been so timely and 
wisely approved of by the several municipal authorities, 
through our recommendation, should be withdrawn, the 
Board, on the 24th of August, passed the following reso- 
lution, and had it forwarded to those concerned : 

" Resolved, That it be recommended to the municipal authori- 
ties of the City and the several Districts of the County, to con- 
tinue their Sanitary operations, so far as respects the prompt 
collection and removal of kitchen offal, and the cleansing of 
the gutters during the remainder of the present and the suc- 
ceeding month of September." 

One of the most important sanitary acts of the Board 
during the prevalence of the Epidemic, was to visit the 
place of interment for the dead from the Alms House and 
the out-door patients. These premises had been 
reported to the Board, as requiring their immediate 



38 

and careful inspection, believing them to be a prolific 
agent in the concentration of the Cholera poison in a 
certain locality in West Philadelphia, where the disease 
had been rife. The Sanitary Committee, by direction 
of the Board, visited the ground, and made the follow- 
ing report, which was adopted, and a copy ordered to 
be forwarded to the Guardians of the Poor. (See Ap- 
pendix, No. 2.) 

As on a former occasion, the Board of Guardians, 
desirous to remove every suspected cause for the pro- 
motion of a scourge from which they had so recently 
and most painfully suffered, followed the recommenda- 
tion of the Board of Health, and at once set at rest 
the apprehensions of their fellow-citizens in West Phi- 
ladelphia, by abating this most disgusting and revolting 
nuisance. 

CHOLERA HOSPITALS. 

The organization of temporary Cholera Hospitals, 
located in various sections of the city and districts, was 
a measure of precaution actually demanded in a city 
like Philadelphia, when menaced with a fierce outbreak 
of Cholera. No provision for the poor and destitute, 
who could not be attended at their own homes, met 
with more general satisfaction, or conferred greater 
benefits upon those for whom they were intended, and 
who shared their advantages; without them, many 
would have perished who were otherwise rescued from 
a cholera grave. 

These hospitals were well furnished, and as well con- 
ducted as the nature of circumstances would allow. 
They shared the services and skill of some of our most 



39 

respectable physicians, and were supplied with the best 
nurses. The Committees who had them in charge, 
spared no expense to make them convenient, with an 
eye single to the comfort of the patients, while the rules 
of economy were not entirely overlooked. In short, 
they were well provided for. 

The table in Appendix, marked (No. 3,) exhibits the 
number and location of the hospitals, the names of the 
physicians attached, and their statistics. It would have 
been gratifying to have presented a more full and de- 
tailed statistical account, but from the imperfection in 
statistics of many of the reports handed in from several 
of the hospitals, this must necessarily be defective in 
its details. 

The ten temporary hospitals were kept open in 
the aggregate, 408 days, a period of time equivalent 
to the services of one hospital for one year, one month 
and thirteen days. The whole number of patients re- 
ceived into them, amounted to 463, of these, 344 were 
cases of epidemic cholera. The remainder were af- 
fected with cholera morbus, dysentery, diarrhoea, 
cramp, intoxication, fever, and other diseases, sent in 
by physicians and others, supposed to have been la- 
bouring under cholera. 

Of the cholera cases, 278 were whites, viz : 186 males, 
and 92 females — and 66 were blacks, viz: 33 males, 
and 33 females. Among them were 84 Americans, and 
106 Foreigners. 

As far as the reports showed, there was an excess of 
patients of intemperate habits of nearly 50 per cent., 
and of the intemperate, almost all the cases proved 
fatal. 



40 

Of the 344 cholera cases, 111 died, or about 32 per 
cent, of the whole — equal to one in every three, being 
a fraction greater than the deaths to cases in private 
practice. 

The fatality of the blacks and whites compared to 
cases, was about the same, viz. one in three. 

The Moyamensing Hospital received almost twice 
the number of cholera patients to any other, owing to 
its favourable location to that class of the population 
who would be most likely to need assistance. The mor- 
tality to cases in this hospital was as 1 to 4. In the 
Southwark, 1 to 9.14. In the Cherry street, 1 to 1.92. 
In the Northern Liberties, 1 to 2.13. In Richmond, 
1 to 4. In Kensington, 1 to 3.40. In Pine street, 1 to 
1.75. Bush Hill, 1 to 1.90. South street, 1 to 3. West 
Philadelphia, 1 to 2. 

The Medical Reports of the physicians-in-chief to 
the several hospitals, are in many respects highly in- 
teresting, and creditable to the gentlemen from whose 
pens they emanate. They contain much that is useful, 
abounding in facts and observations that must be of 
intrinsic value to the profession, while they tell of their 
assiduity and devotion to the duties of their hospitals, 
and the claims of their profession. As these reports 
are of some length and strictly of a medical character, 
and will in all probability appear in the medical journals 
of the day, and as we have embraced their statistics in 
the form of a table in the Appendix, we have thought it 
unnecessary to publish them with this Report. 

The medical treatment of cholera, did not come 
within the wide range of duties belonging to the Board 
of Health. To provide for that treatment was alone 



41 

required from us, which we endeavoured to do; the 
results, some of which we have undertaken to furnish, 
speak for themselves. 

DAILY BULLETINS AND STATISTICS OF CHOLEKA. 

The Board issued their first official bulletin, May 
30th, and continued them up to August 18th, inclusive, 
a period of 81 days. At their meeting on the 18th of 
August, they resolved, that Cholera no longer existing 
as an epidemic, the daily bulletin of cases should be 
discontinued. 

From this period a few scattering cases were handed 
in to the Board for several days, and the weekly bills of 
mortality reported deaths from cholera up to Sept. 8th. 
(See Table, Appendix No. 4.) 

During the 81 days, there were reported to the Board 
2141 cases, and 747 deaths. The largest number of 
cases and deaths reported were on the 14th of July, 
viz : 84 cases, and 32 deaths. 

On the 12th of July the highest number of cases 
and deaths were reported from the Alms House, viz: 
24 cases, and 14 deaths. 

From the 11th to the 14th of July, inclusive, there 
were 328 cases, and 120 deaths reported, averaging 82 
cases and 30 deaths daily, for four days in succession. 

The cases reported in June, including the two days 
in May, numbered 278, and the deaths 97; being 1 
death in 2.86 cases. In July, 1579 cases and 578 deaths, 
as 1 death in 2.73. From the 1st to the 18th of Au- 
gust, a period of 18 days, 284 cases and 72 deaths, as 
1 in 3.94 cases. 

In summing up the statistics of cholera in private 



42 

practice, affecting the population of those districts, 
making returns to the Board of Health, and in esti- 
mating the changes that have taken place in the popu- 
lation since the census of 1840, embracing a period of 
nine years, we have based our calculation upon the 
usual estimate of increase, which is supposed to be 3{ 
per cent, per annum, adding thereto, an allowance for 
the increase by emigration. While we do not claim 
perfect accuracy for this calculation, we believe, all 
things considered, there is a sufficient approximation to 
the truth to serve the purpose of statistical investigation. 

According to this estimate, the present population of 
the city and the several municipal branches, amounts 
to about 350,000, embracing in all, ten districts. 

The following Table will exhibit the cases and deaths 
in private practice, as reported to the Board of Health, 
from May 30th to August 18th, inclusive, with the 
ratios of cases and deaths to population and to each 
other. 

It is proper to observe here, that for the same period 
of time the weekly bills of mortality, published by the 
Board, exhibit the total number of deaths from Cholera 
to have been 1012. If from these we deduct the 362 
cases occurring in the Hospitals, Alms House, and 
County Prison, we have left 650 cases, which will show 
an additional number of 264 cases more than the ag- 
gregate of reports of deaths in private practice made 
by the Board in their daily bulletins. 

This discrepancy can be accounted for from the fact, 
that many physicians did not report daily the deaths 
occurring in their practice, and also, that numerous 
cases came under the notice of the Coroner, but one of 



43 



which was reported to the Board of Health and included 
in their bulletin. In addition to these, some persons who 
died in the country were interred within the county 
limits, and were necessarily included in the weekly bills 
of mortality, while no reports were made severally of 
their deaths to the Board of Health. 

Nor have we any hesitation in believing, that all the 
cases of Cholera which actually occurred in private 
practice, were not reported to the Board. A number 
of practitioners declined reporting altogether, while 
others only reported those of their cases which col- 
lapsed, and others again, only those that proved fatal. 
The inference, therefore, is, that the results of the Table 
we herewith present, would have been in like propor- 
tions, had all the cases that were regarded as Cholera, 
as well as the deaths therefrom, been reported. 



District. 


Popula. 


Cases. 


CD 


Ratio of 

Cases to 

Population. 


Eatio of 

Deaths to 

Cases. 


Eatio of 
Deaths td 
Population. 


City, - - - - 


118,491 


388 


127 


1 to 305.39 


1 to 3.05 


1 in 933 


South ^ark, - 


36,458 


276 


50 


1 to 132.09 


1 to 5.52 


1 in 729.16 


Kensington, - 


47,697 


218 


54 


1 to 218.79 


1 to 4.03 


1 in 883.27 


Spring Garden, - 


54,532 


108 


33 


1 to 504.92 


1 to 3.27 


1 in 1652.48 


Moyamensing, 


25,705 


191 


52 


1 to 134.58 


1 to 3.67 


1 in 496.25 


Northern Liberties, 


49,321 


147 


38 


1 to 335.51 


1 to 3.86 


1 in 1297.92 


Penn District, 


7325 


14 


4 


1 to 523.21 


1 to 3.50 


1 in 1831.25 


Richmond, - 


5529 


39 


13 


1 to 141.77 


1 to 3. 


1 in 435.30 


West Philadelphia, 


3413 


21 


11 


1 to 162.52 


1 to 1.90 


1 in 310.27 


Passyunk, - 


1529 


10 


3 


1 to 152.90 


1 to 3.33 


1 in 509.66 


Unknown, - 




6 


1 








Total, 


350,000 


1418 


386 ! 1 to 246.82 


1 to 3.66 


1 in 906.73 



From a dissection of this Table, we derive some in- 



44 

formation of a sanitary character, which not only pos- 
sesses interest, but may prove useful in the event of a 
recurrence of Cholera, or some other equally alarming 
epidemic. 

That the Epidemic was not confined to anyone por- 
tion of Philadelphia, but that all suffered a share of its 
malign influence. 

That Southwark, Moyamensing and Richmond, in 
the order they stand, show the most unfavourable ra- 
tios of cases to population, the mean ratio being about 
one in every 136 inhabitants; while Penn and Spring 
Garden present the most favourable,— one in every 514. 
West Philadelphia shows one in every 162. The North- 
ern Liberties gives one in every 335 1. The City one in 
every 305.39 and Kensington one in every 218.79. The 
increased ratio of cases to population in Southwark must 
be attributed to its want of cleanliness, its locality, to 
the character of a portion of its inhabitants that reside 
in the more densely populated neighbourhoods, and to 
its numerous, confined, and illy ventilated courts and 
alleys. That of Moyamensing, to the depraved condi- 
tion of hundreds of its inhabitants, to the filthy and 
crowded condition of many of its small houses, inha- 
bited cellars, and their vitiated atmosphere, to the nox- 
ious exhalations from their persons and clothing, and 
the numerous collections of offensive bones and rags, 
and other offal, heaped up and arrayed for sale in many 
of their small streets. In Richmond, to its locality 
along the river front, its want of proper drainage and 
sewerage, and also to the character, habits, and occupa- 
tion of a large portion of its population, viz : canal 
and river boatmen, coal-heavers and labourers- 



45 

In Kensington, the chief cause lies in the unpaved, 
ungraded and undrained condition of many of its streets. 

Penn, almost a rural district, elevated and dry, and 
to the N. W. of the city, with a population of 7325, 
reported only 14 cases and 4 deaths, whilst West Phi- 
ladelphia, situated along the western border of the 
Schuylkill river, with a population of only 3413, gave 
21 cases and 11 deaths — locality in these two instances 
must explain the comparative exemption of the former 
from the Epidemic, and its increased prevalence in the 
latter. 

Spring Garden, next in point of healthfulness to 
Penn, exhibiting only 1 case to every 504.92 of its in- 
habitants, is situated high above the two rivers bound- 
ing the city, is well improved, its streets wide, well 
paved, graded, its under-ground sewerage many miles 
in extent, free from a population degraded and depraved, 
and exempt from an excess of crowded and illy-venti- 
lated courts and alleys that exist elsewhere. 

The mean number of cases reported to the Board in 
private practice was 1418, and the deaths 386. The 
population being 350,000 — the ratio of cases to popula- 
tion was 1 in every 246.82 — the ratio of deaths to 
population was 1 in every 906.73, and that of deaths to 
cases as 1 in every 3.66. 

The table of mortality, (see Appendix No. 4,) which 
is taken from the weekly bills of mortalily issued by 
the Board, and differing from the daily bulletins, exhi- 
bits the average ratio of deaths from Cholera during 
the season of its prevalence, at thirteen periods of life. 
The sum total is 1012; of these, the males amounted 
to 540, and the females to 472, showing an excess of 



46 

deaths of one-eighth males over females. But during 
the three weeks from June 30th to July 21st, when the 
disease raged to the greatest extent, the proportion was 
reversed, so that the mortality among females was one- 
sixteenth more than among males. 

The period of life between 30 and 40, presents the 
greatest mortality, and this ratio is exhibited in all 
medical statistics, showing a less resistance to disease 
at this age than at any other decimal period. 

Of the whole number who died, 386 were attended at 
their own houses; 111 at the several hospitals, under 
charge of the Board of Health ; 229 at the Blockley 
Alms-house, 20 at the County Prison, and 1 unknown. 

We have not been able to gather the statistics of the 
Epidemic, as it occurred among the coloured population, 
separate and distinct from the mass. This, however, is 
no fault of the Board of Health, the censure must fall 
upon the practising members of that profession, who 
should be most interested in such tables, but who, we 
regret to say, are far too neglectful in making their re- 
turns, both of deaths and births, with that accuracy 
which is desirable. 

All we have accomplished under this head has been 
to ascertain that 106 people of colour died of Cholera, 
and were interred in grounds within the districts mak- 
ing returns to the Board of Health, between the 1st of 
June and the 8th of September, a period of 100 days. 
Estimating the coloured population at 25,000, would 
give us about one death for every 337, which it will be 
discovered shows a greater mortality from Cholera 
among the coloured than the white population. 



47 

By a reference to the weekly bills of mortality issued 
by the Board of Health for the last four consecutive 
years, embracing a period of the summer months, from 
the 1st June to the 1st of September in each year, it 
will be seen that since 1846, there has been an annual 
aggregate increase of mortality from the four bowel 
diseases — Dysentery, Diarrhoea, Cholera Morbus, and 



Years, 


jiumiJtuin, 

Dysentery. 


Diarrhoea. 


a 
Choi. Morb. 


Choi. Infant. 


Total 


1846, 


37 


55 


12 


272 


376 


1847, 


87 


83 


15 


367 


552 


1848, 


163 


63 


25 


388 


639 


1S49, 


337 


137 


62 


512 


1048 



The great increase in the deaths from the four bowel 
affections, for the past season, and during the prevalence 
of the Epidemic, affords a striking contrast to those 
reported for the three former years, constituting nearly 
50 per cent, more than either of those years — to which, 
add the mortality from Asiatic Cholera, amounting to 
1012 deaths, and we have an increase over former 
rates of more than 100 per cent. An evidence, not 
only that while an Epidemic is prevalent, other dis- 
eases may prevail with undiminished force; but that 
diseases of the same class, or partaking of the same 
congeneric character, are augumented almost 50 per 
cent. And further, that Epidemics do not always swal- 
low up, in their mighty grasp, other diseases. 

CHOLERA OF 1832. 

According to the Statistics in Hazard's Register, 

Vol. 10, 1832, the Cholera appeared in this City, July 

11th, when there was one case reported in the City 

proper, which terminated fatally. No others occurred 



48 

until the 16th, when there were five* cases reported, 
four in the Northern Liberties, and one in Southwark, 
three of which proved fatal. On the 17th there was 
one in Southwark ; on the 24th, one in Kensington ; 
on the 27th, one in Southwark ; on the 28th, one in 
Southwark; on the 29th there were four:, two in the 
City, one in the Northern Liberties, and one in Moya- 
mensing ; on the 30th there were eight cases, and from 
this date they rapidly increased, up to August the 6th, 
when it reached its maximum, 176 cases and 71 deaths. 
Although the proportion of deaths to cases was greater 
on the 7th, when the deaths reported w r ere 73, and the 
cases fell below the maximum of 176. From this date, 
August 6th, the cases ranged above 100, until the 14th, 
when they gradually declined until September 25th, 
when there were no cases in private practice reported ; 
but it lingered in the Hospitals up to the 4th of October, 
making a period of 86 days from its commencement, 
on the 11th of July. 

The following table, will exhibit a summary of cases 
and deaths, in private and Hospital practice, for the 86 
days of its prevalence in 1832. 

City, 411 

Southwark, - - - - 251 

Kensington, - - - - 112 

Northern Liberties, - - 147 total. 

Penn Township, 56 

Moyamensing, - - - 198 CASES - deaths. 

West Philadephia, - - - 6 1181 271 

Hospitals, 888 345 

Alms House, 174 92 

Arch Street Prison, .... 86 46 

GRAND TOTAL, 2329 754 



49 



COMPARATIVE RESULTS BETWEEN CHOLERA OF 
1832 AND 1849. 

The recent visitation of Cholera as an Epidemic in 
our City, according to the bulletins of the Board of 
Health, continued for 81 days, or eleven weeks and 
four days. 

In 1832, according to the same standard of calcula- 
tion, it prevailed for 86 days, or twelve weeks and two 
days. 

From its first appearance, May 30th, '49, it continued 
to increase up to the 14th of July, when it reached its 
acme, showing an augmentation of 46 days — -when, 
oscillating for three or four days, it began to decline, 
and 35 days elapsed before its disappearance. 

In 1832, it appeared July 11th, and its augmentation 
was 27 days, while its decline was 59 days, — showing 
that in 1832, during its first invasion, it reached its 
maximum in almost half the time that it did the past 
season, while the period of its decline was one-third 
longer than the decline of the late Epidemic. 

During the whole period of its existence the past 
season, there was reported to the Board of Health, 
2141 cases, and 747 deaths, that is for 81 days, averag- 
ing 26j cases, and 9} deaths, daily. 

In 1832, the cases reported for 86 days, amounted to 
2329, and the deaths, 754, exhibiting an average of 27 
cases and 9| deaths, daily. 

The following tabular view, gives the comparative 

results between the two Epidemics, in the ratio of their 

cases and deaths to populations, and their ratios to 

each other. 

4 



50 

Ratio Katio Ratio 

of cases of deaths of deaths 

Population. Cases. Deaths, to population. to cases. to population. 

1832, 160,000 2329 754 1 in 69.1 1 in 3.06 1 in 212.2. 
1849, 350,000 2141 747 1 in 164.24 1 in 2.86 1 in 470.4. 

Thus it will be seen that while the population has 
doubled itself since 1832, the whole number of cases 
and deaths as reported for 1849, stand numerically, 
about as they did in 1832, but when compared with the 
difference in the population, they are in reality less by 
almost one-half than they were in 1832. While the 
mortality to cases, during both Epidemics, stands about 
alike. 

As in other places, the deaths in both Epidemics, in 
proportion to the cases, were greater during the onset, 
than the decline. 

The following tables show the number of cases and 
their locality in private practice, also in the Hospitals, 
Almshouse and County Prison, the past season, as com- 
pared with those of 1832. 

PRIVATE PRACTICE FOR THE YEARS 1849 AND 1832. 



1849. 




1832. 


City, 388 

Southwark, ... 276 


- 


411 
251 


Kensington, - - - - 218 


. 


112 


Spring Garden, - - - 108 
Penn District, - 14 


- 


| 56 


Moyamensing, - - - 191 
Northern Liberties, - - 147 


- 


198 
147 


Richmond, - 39 


. 




West Philadelphia, - - 22 
Passyunk, - 10 
Residence unknown, - 6 


- 


6 


" T S Cases, 1419 
T0TA M Deaths, 389 


m ™ 1T S Cases, 
T0TAL > \ Deaths, 


1181 
271 



51 



HOSPITALS, ALMS HOUSE AND COUNTY PRISON. 
1849. 
Cherry street, - - - 27 
Pine street, - 14 


1832. 


South street, - 


3 




Southwark, - 


64 




Kensington, -.-..- 


17 




Moyamensing, - 
Northern Liberties, 


116 

47 




Richmond, - 


16 




West Philadelphia, 
Bush Hill, 


2 
38 




Alms House, - 


314 .... 


174 


County Prison, - 
Coroner, - 


63* ... 
1 


- 86 


Stations 1,-3, 4, 5, 15, 17, 19, 






and 10 City Hospitals, 


- - 


888 


mAT f Cases, 

T0TAL > { Deaths, 


722 '■ - , T i Cases, 
358 T0TAL > \ Deaths, 


1148 

483 



From the above we learn, that in the late Epidemic 
there were only ten Cholera Hospitals in requisition, 
and the number of cases treated in them amounted to 
344, while the deaths were 111, or 1 to 3. 

In 1832 there were 17 Hospitals in service, viz., ten 
organized by the Sanitary Committee of Councils, and 
seven by the Board of Health. In these Hospitals 
there were 888 cases of Cholera treated, out of which 
345 died y or 1 in 2.57. 

, The average number of patients in each of the ten 
Hospitals, in 1849, was 34 4-10ths, and the deaths, 
11 l-10th. 

In the 17 Hospitals, in 1832, the average to each 
was, cases, 52 2-10ths, deaths, 20 2-10ths. 

Therefore, it appears, that while the average of cases 
* In 1832, it was known as the Arch Street Prison. 



52 



in each Hospital, in 1832, was only l-3rd more than in 
1849, the average deaths in 1832 were two to one, 
compared with 1849, showing that the success of treat- 
ment in Hospital practice was in favour of that pursued 
in 1849. 

CHOLEKA EXPENSES OF 1849. 
Whether our climatical condition the past year, found 
us better prepared to meet and repel the scourge, or 
whether the Sanitary measures and the plan of Dispen- 
saries, Hospitals and other arrangements, as adopted 
by the Board, were the efficient agents — one thing must 
be evident to those who read this report, viz. that the 
cost of Cholera in 1849, is but a fraction over one-fifth 
the cost of the same Epidemic in 1832; or in other 
words — while it cost the City and Districts in 1832, 
with a population of 160,000, the sum of $105,285.91 
for Cholera purposes — in 1849, the expenditures for 
the same object, with a population of 350,000, were 
only $22,635.37 — as per the following account. 

Am't Exp'd by the Pine Street Hospital, 



South Western, 
Northern Liberties, 
Kensington, 
Southwark, 
Cherry Street, 
Richmond, 
Moyamensing, 
West Philadelphia, 



$916 39 

684 27 
843 45 
497 79 
882 80 

1382 03 
979 14 

1301 68 
307 04 



a 


North West District Committee, 


25 86 


(I 


North East, 


it 


a 


132 38 


it 


North City, 


a 


(t 


26 69 


a 


South City, 


cc 


it 


46 08 


(i 


South, 


a 


tt 


102 89 



$7784 59 



$333 90 



53 

Am't Exp'd by the Office for salaries of Sanitary 
Agents in November and 
December, 1848, 61 65 

u " " Office from January 1, to Octo- 
ber 3, 1849, for salaries of 
Sanitary Agents, Assistant 
Messengers, Assistant Clerk, 
Litter Carriers, Chloride of 
Lime, Printing, Advertising, 





Posting Proclamations, and 








for removing nuisances on 








lot east of Eastern Peniten- 






enses 


tiary, - 
of Committee to visit Staten Island, 


1181 50 

7127 

$1252 


77 



Amount expended for salaries for Physicians and 
Nurses; board of Physician, Patients and 
Nurses; Medicines, conveying patients, bury- 
ing dead, repairing litters, blankets, muslins 
and calico for City Hospital, - - - 1202 61 



$10,635 37 



Amount expended by Councils and several of 
the Municipal authorities of the County, for 
Sanitary purposes, cleansing streets, &c, about 12 000 

$22,635 37 



CHOLERA EXPENSES IN 1832. 

In 1832, during the first visit of Cholera to our City 
as an Epidemic, there was expended for Cholera pur- 
poses alone, the enormous sum of $105,285 91. This 
amount was divided between the City proper, the Board 
of Health, and the several Municipal authorities, as 
follows : 



54 

By the Sanitary Committee, under the direction of the 

City Councils, for the City alone, - - - $40,414 70 

By the Board of Health, 56 ; 934 86 

By the Corporations of Northern Liberties, Kensington, 
South wark, Moyamensing and Penn, embracing Spring 
Garden, 7,936 35 



$105,285 91 



The two first items in the above table are official, 
while in the last, there may be a slight variation from 
the official expenditure of the several districts embraced 
therein, but not enough to make any great difference in 
the aggregate. 

In presenting this statement, and in order to do 
justice to those gentlemen who composed the several 
bodies enumerated, and who were very actively engaged 
during that memorable event, it may be necessary to 
make every proper allowance for the dreadful appre- 
hension and fear which then prevailed among all classes 
of our citizens. The disease was to them a new one, 
the most alarming accounts had reached the City of its 
dire effects abroad, and every one felt that the most 
ample provision ought to be made to arrest the ravages 
of the Epidemic, and as will be seen, no expense was 
spared by those in authority. 

CONCLUSION. 

In closing up this chronological and statistical ac- 
count of the Cholera, as it appeared in our City during 
the past summer, it would not be improper for the Board 
to allude, for a few moments, to the gratifying results 
of their sanitary efforts, as measures of palliation, and 



55 

to the favourable contrast in which Philadelphia stands 
to her sister city, New York, and other large cities, 
where the Epidemic has been felt. 

It was a matter of surprise to the Board, after 
they had instituted the plan of house to house visita- 
tion, and received the reports of their agents, that 
there existed such an accumulation of nuisances preju- 
dicial to health. It was a revelation, as unexpected 
as it was alarming, and for which they were not pre- 
pared. It presented an emergency under the circum- 
stances, that called for the most energetic application 
of their time and abilities, in order to remove the one 
and prepare for the other. Now that the danger is 
past, and we breathe once more an uncontaminated air, 
we look back upon the trying and laborious scenes 
through which we have passed, and congratulate our- 
selves, and the community at large, upon the results of 
our Hygienic efforts, in staying the hand of the pesti- 
lence. 

By calling attention to the mitigated form of the 
Cholera, as it appeared among us, and to the limited 
period of its duration, compared with other places where 
it prevailed, the conviction forces itself upon every 
intelligent mind, that the efficient organization of sani- 
tary measures for cleansing the city, and their practical 
application by the Board of Health, have been the 
active and efficient means for lessening the ravages of 
the Pestilence; by removing and abating those procuring 
causes and conditions in the community, which tended 
to depress the forces of life, thereby favouring the preva- 
lence of the Epidemic, and adding to its mortality. 

Nor can less be said for the very excellent provision 



56 

made by the Board in the plan of dispensary arrange- 
ments, by which medicines for the poor, could be had 
gratuitously as well by night as by day. Timely aid 
being afforded, the disease was arrested in its premoni- 
tory stage in hundreds of cases, which otherwise would 
have become fully developed or hopelessly lost. 

The Hospitals established by the Board, also per- 
formed their full share, in rendering prompt assistance 
and in saving life. 

In conclusion, the Board would add, that they have 
felt both the delicacy and the responsibility of the posi- 
tion they occupied before the community, during the 
trying emergency of the past season, and that in all 
their sanitary actions, they have been governed by a 
deliberate and humane spirit. 

They also embrace this opportunity to express their 
thanks to those of their fellow-citizens, who so gener- 
ously sustained and aided them in the sanitary mea- 
sures they deemed it proper to institute for the public 
good, and the preservation of the health of the Citizens 
at large. 



57 



APPENDIX No. 1. 

The Sanitary Committee, to whom was referred the reso- 
lution from the Sanitary Committee of City Councils, 
respecting rumors about the Blockley Almshouse, 

Report, That they visited that institution on Monday the 
16th of July, accompanied by members of the City Sanitary 
Committee. Your committee was very kindly received by the 
Board of Guardians, and by the medical gentlemen connected 
with the Alms House. Every facility was offered for a thorough 
examination of the premises, and the condition of its inmates. 

So far as relates to the correctness of the reports of the num- 
ber who die from Cholera, the committee believe the report of 
the Alms House physicians to be essentially true, without any 
attempt at concealment or exaggeration one way or the other. 
If any mistakes have occurred, it is attributable to the fact, that 
they report no case as Cholera, until the patient exhibits one 
or more asphyxiated symptoms, when all remedies are un- 
availing. Entertaining this view, it changes the complexion 
of things in favour of the physicians. Diarrhoea in its worst 
form is recognized as a disease* contradistinguished from 
Cholera ; whereas, in the opinion of your committee, during the 
epidemic influence, it should be regarded as a different stage 
of the same disease. We hold this proposition to be correct 
and fair, as well to members of the medical profession as to the 
public generally, and as a basis on which sanitary measures 
can be established. If we can prevent or cure diarrhoea we 
need not fear cholera. 

What then is the cause of the mortality prevailing among the 
paupers at the Alms House, and what sanitary measures will 
arrest its progress ? 

Better ventilation is required throughout the building, but it 
cannot be brought to bear upon the present incumbents so as 
to save them from present danger. A change of air by a sys- 
tem of distribution and transposition, however temporary, 
would doubtless be beneficial. 



58 

The committee had an opportunity of inspecting the diet; the 
food given to the well, and saw preparations for supper in 
several rooms. A slice of fresh bread, and a large bowl of 
black tea constituted the ration for one person. In one room, 
we saw ship biscuit instead of bread, covered with rancid 
butter, which was very offensive, and sufficient, at this time, 
to disorder the stomach and bowels of the most robust. Mo- 
lasses was used for sweetening the tea ; and the committee can- 
not refrain from expressing their full conviction, that to this 
inattention or error of diet, may be traced one of the chief 
causes of the dreadful spread of cholera, and its fatality among 
the shattered constitutions of the pauper population at the 
Blockley Alms House. 

A change of nutrition is demanded immediately. Annexed 
is the recommendation of the medical staff to the Board of 
Guardians on that subject, in which we unanimously concur, 
and urge upon the Board its most prompt execution, as they 
value the preservation of human life. 

Let every pauper in the establishment be treated to a dinner 
of roast beef with porter or brandy, followed up by correspond- 
ing regimen, and other suitable appliances for a few days, and 
the cases of cholera will diminish, and its mortality be lessened 
in proportion as this recommendation is complied with. 

Where large masses of paupers or convicts are crowded to- 
gether, and confined within certain limits, a change of nutrition 
and better living is necessary, to enable them to resist the influ- 
ence of an epidemic poison. 

The committee, in conclusion, would respectfully offer the 
following suggestions : — 

Let the diet be instantly changed, agreeably to the recom- 
mendations of the medical staff at the Alms House. 

Let there be a periodical inspection of all the pauper inmates 
indiscriminately, (during the epidemic influence,) particularly 
those most liable to an attack of cholera, say once every three 
or four hours during the day, and on the first symptom of de- 
rangement of the stomach or bowels, enjoin rest andmedicine. 

Let there be a medical police instituted in all the wards, 
with directions to nurses to attend to this personal inspection 
and supervision during the night. 

Whitewash all the walls that will admit of it, where it can 
be done without injury to sick patients. 

Vacate immediately the present Cholera Hospital, and empty 
it of all its contents, and then thoroughly purify, whitewash, 



59 

ventilate, and cleanse the building, and shut it up for the pre- 
sent. 

Abandon the cells or cubbies in the recesses of certain walls, 
and allow the inmates to sleep on the floor, corridors, or in the 
middle of the rooms, where the cubbies are constructed. 

Separate the dead and dying from the living as quickly as 
practicable. 

Forbid the use of molasses and rancid butter, and let every 
eatable be fresh and wholesome. 

Remove all cholera patients on litters to a hospital outside 
the walls of the building. 

Free ventilation, free bathing, frictions to the skin, and good 
diet will preserve the living, and prove the best sanitary mea- 
sures against an attack of cholera. 

Early rest, early remedies, and prompt assistance, with pro- 
per system, will prove the best means of controlling the disease. 

That the patients be allowed to walk over the grounds. 

Besolved, That a copy of this report be furnished to the 
Guardians of the Poor, and the medical staff of the Alms 
House, &c. 

John A. Elkinton, M. D, 

Wilson Jewell, M. D. 

B. E. Carpenter, 

Benjamin Martin, p> Sanitary Committee. 

Joseph Wood, 

S. Week, 

J. E. Eldridge, 



Philadelphia, July 17, 1S49. 



60 



APPENDIX No. 2. 

The Sanitary Committee, in accordance with a Resolution 
of the Board passed on the 4th of August, 

Report, That they visited the place of interment for the 
dead from the Alms House, and the out-door patients of the 
Guardians of the Poor, where they are deposited in large 
trenches ; and which ground is located about one-eighth of a 
mile in a southwardly and eastwardly direction from West 
Philadelphia. Here your Committee found a nuisance which 
calls loudly for immediate abatement. 

In superficial trenches, about eight feet wide by eighteen 
feet long, and six feet deep, have been deposited, since July 1st, 
more than four hundred bodies, placed, it is true, in coffins, 
(but by no means air-tight,) and covered with earth, but so in- 
securely, that from the decomposing and putrid carcases, there 
was emitted through the loose gravelly soil, a most horrid ex- 
halation of an insufferable sickly and poisonous stench, while 
flies and other insects, were glutting themselves with the filthy 
food, found in this pauper charnel house — in these " lodgings 
for the dead." From this condition of things it must be, in the 
opinion of your Committee, that the atmosphere for some con- 
siderable distance around and beyond this cemetery, is highly 
charged with impure and unwholesome gases ; and from its 
near proximity to that portion of West Philadelphia where the 
Cholera was most rife, and the constantly prevailing southerly 
winds at this season, wafting this morbid atmosphere in that 
direction, your Committee believe that it may have been, one 
of the procuring causes for the concentration of disease in the 
above described neighbourhood. To what extent this has been 
the case, when combined with miasma from the borders of the 
river Schuylkill, and the noxious emanations from the crowded 
and illy ventilated wards of the Alms House, with other excit- 
ing causes, your Committee are not prepared "to determine. In 
adopting a proper remedy to remove this nuisance, your Com- 



61 

mittee have been greatly embarrassed. Several suggestions 
have been made, but the difficulty has been to propose one, 
combining practical utility with a certainty of removing the 
nuisance. Your Committee believe that the present method of 
constructing the trenches, and depositing the dead therein, 
where they, are suffered to lay from day to day, sprinkled over 
with a few inches of loose dirt, festering under a hot and mid-day 
sun, until such time as the trench shall become filled, and then 
covered with about three feet of porous earth, is in a sanitary 
point of view fearfully objectionable, and demands an imme- 
diate correction of the whole system. Had four hundred dogs 
been buried in a similar enclosure, in a similar manner, in the 
same period of time, and during the prevalence of the present 
epidemic, by the orders of the Board of Health, an outcry 
would have been raised against them, extending over the length 
and breadth of the land, which would have required herculean 
nerves to grapple with, and the most rigid application of the 
moral and physical sanitary shovel to remove ; and yet, in the 
opinion of your Committee, the partial burial of one dead 
human body, dying from the present or any other epidemic, is 
more to be dreaded than half a dozen carcases of dogs ; for 
besides the chemical poison from the decomposition of animal 
matter, we have other morbid poisons thrown off from bodies, 
having died of pestilential and loathsome diseases, which, dis- 
seminating themselves into the surrounding atmosphere, assist 
in doing a deadly work. Putrid exhalations from dead bodies 
have, in a concentrated form, caused immediate death, and 
hence, when diluted in the atmosphere, must be dangerous and 
unwholesome, in proportion to the relative quantity diffused, 
and the condition of the individual inhaling the same. In view, 
therefore, of an immediate removal of a nuisance prejudicial to 
the health of West Philadelphia, your Committee would re- 
commend the following resolutions : 

Resolved, That the present method of interments pursued by 
the Guardians of the Poor, is a nuisance prejudicial to health. 

Resolved, That the Guardians of the Poor be required to 
suspend until the 1st of October next, the present mode of bury- 
ing their dead in trenches, and that they be directed to dig 
graves, deep and wide enough to contain four coffins, two 
abreast and two deep, between which there shall be placed at 
least, twenty-four inches of dirt, and room enough left for four 
feet of earth from the surface. 



62 

Resolved, That they be required to fill the trenches now ex- 
posed, using fifty pounds of chloride of lime in each trench 
in doing so ; and that, until the 1st of October next, twenty 
five pounds of chloride of lime shall be used for each grave be 
fore it is filled. 

John A. Elkinton, M. D." 

Wilson Jewell, M. D. 

B. E. Carpenter, 

Benjamin Martin, )> Sanitary Committee. 

Joseph Wood, 

S. Weer, 

J. E. Eldridge, 



Philadelphia, August 4th, 1S49. 



APPENDIX No. 3. 







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APPENDIX No, 4. 



TABLE OF CHOLERA CASES AND 



PRIVATE PRACTICE. 








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15 


11 


2 


4 


2 


. 2 2 3- 


4 1 . 






16 


12 


1 


4 


1 1 


. 1 . 6 


16 2 1 




. . . 2 1. ! 


17 


16 


10 


1 


1 13 


2 5 1. 


7.1 




. 11... . 


18 


1 14 


3 


9 


. 12 


3 7.8 


1 5 2 . 




1 . 



APPENDIX No. 4. 



DEATHS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1849. 



HOSPITALS. 




Cit y- i . d § 




Cherry 

Street. 

Pino 
Street. 

South 
Street. 

Southwark 

Moyamensi 

Northern 
Liberties. 

Kensingtoi 

Richmond. 

j West 
| Philadelph 

Bush Hill. 

Almshouse 

County Pri 
Coroner, 

TOTAI 


C. B. C. D. C. D C D. C. D. C. JD. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. c. D. C. 

1 


i>. 


3 


3 


■ 1 





1. . . . 2 


1 


• • .-'... 1 

1 

1 





.:.:::..:..::.: i . . : : i 





. . . i 


1 


:::::::: :::::::::::: : : 1: : : : ! 


1 


.'..'..'.'.. . . . '. . . ! . ! . .' . . '. '. . .' ! 2 


1 


. 3 


1 


2 


1 


. . . . • 2 





2 


2 


2 


1 


3 


1 




2 


3 


2 


. 10 


4 


5 


1 


5 


2 


3 


3 


20 


8 


21 


10 


... 43 


12 


40 


13 


1 48 


9 


48 


18 


....... 4 4 3 .... 23 


20 


1 3 10 5 .... 65 


25 


3 1 2 1 7 7 .... 66 


21 


24 3.- 11 8 72... 47 


20 


1 . 7 3 11 5 3 .... 53 


19 


5 1.1 2 . 8 7 1 ... 35 


12 


1 . . 2 1 9 4 .... 40 


9 


.1 1 . 4 . 8 4 .... 26 


10 


1 . 3 2.. 1 1 9 9 1 ... 39 


20 


11.... 1 . 111. 11 6 . . 1 1 46 


15 


2 2 .... 4 . 3421 1 . 13 11: .... S3 


31 


3 3 2 1 . 3 ... 1 ... 3 1 24 13 .... SO 


26 


3 2 . 3 1 . 1 ... 1 .... 17 14 .... 81 


30 


113 1. . 2 . 5 3 4 2 1 2 1 20 12 . . . . 84 


32 


. 1 1 1 . . 1 . 2 13 1- 1 . 21 7 .... 55 


16 


. . 1 . . . 1 2 1 . 1 2 1 20 14 • ... 59 


23 


1 . 1 ... 1 . 2 .. 1 1 1 1 ... 2 1 20 14 .... 73 


32 


. . . . 1 . . . 2 2 12 1 . 14 9 .... 75 


21 



65 



APPENDIX No. 4.— Continued, 



PRIVATE PRACTICE. 


1849. 


5 


* 


H 



bo 

.5 

"Sa 
Pi 


a 
1 

t 
XII 


.s 

PI 

1 
O 


g m 


1 % 

a 
1 s 

Ph P 


"8 

1 1 

s ft 

s a 

^ Ph 


West 
Philadelphia 

Residence 
not stated. 


c. 


D. 


c. 


D. 


c. 


D. 
1 

3 

2 
3 

2 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

54 


C. 

5 
3 

*2 
3 
3 
2 
1 
3 
2 
4 
2 

1 
1 

1 

2 

1 

1 
1 

1 

108 


D. 
1 
1 
1 

1 
] 
1 

2 
33 


C. 

8 
5 
2 
4 
4 
8 
6 
2 
3 
1 
6 
1 
3 
1 

4 
1 

*3 

1 

1 

3 
2 

1 
191 


D. 

1 
1 

3 
2 
4 
1 

2 

52 


c. 

2 
1 

1 
4 
7 
7 
6 
1 
2 
5 
3 
1 
2 
2 
1 

4 

*3 

1 

1 

2 

147 


D. < 

1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

2 
38 3 


3. D. C. 

2 '. '. 

1 ! '. 

2 1 . 

3 . . 
1 1 . 

. . 2 

1 '. '. 

1 '. '. 
9 13 10 


D. C. 
. 1 

'. 1 
'. \ 

. 1 

3 14 


D. c. 
. 1 

! *2 
. 2 

'. 6 

'. *2 
. 1 

! 3 

421 


D. C. D. 

1 . . 

2 ". '. 

1 . . 

2 '. .' 

1 ! .' 

2 ! '. 

. 1 1 

11 6 1 


July 19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

August 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 


12 
11 

5 
2 
10 
9 
3 
6 
9 
2 
6 
7 
6 
3 

2 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

*3 
1 
1 
6 

2 

1 

1 


2 
4 
3 
2 

2 

*2 
2 
2 
5 
4 
3 
1 
1 

1 

'l 

1 
1 
3 


2 
1 

7 

4 
10 
1 
1 
3 
2 
4 
4 
4 
2 
5 
1 
2 
1 
4 
4 
3 
3 
5 
4 

4 

1 
1 


2 
2 

1 

3 

1 

3 


6 
8 
6 
1 

*4 
9 

8 
3 

*3 

2 
2 

1 

4 

2 

2 

• 

1 
2 

1 


Totals 


388 


127 


276 


50 


218 



APPENDIX No. 4.— Continued. 



HOSPITALS. 










u 
g 

a 

C. D. 

11 1 






City. 


tJ3 

S3 

■a § 

02 S 


1 
9°* 1 

sT! 5 
o-S « 

£►3 U 


i 

f § 

! 1 






§ 

.a 

a 

3 




O 
H 


H 




CO 



CO 

a 
3 


c. 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 
2 

27 


D. 
1 

1 
1 

14 


c. d. c. r 

. 1 . 

. . 1 . 

1 . . . 

1 . . 
. 1 . . 
11.. 

'. 1 1 1 

2.1. 

ill. 

. 1 1 1 
11.. 

14 8 3 


. C. D. C. 

3 . 3 
. . 1 
3 . . 
. . 4 

1 . 2 

3 . 5 
. . 3 

2 . 4 

4 . 2 

3 . 1 
12. 6 

1 . 5 

4 . 2 

1 . 1 
3 . 4 
. . 5 

2 . 1 

3 . 1 

2 1 4 

4 . 3 

3 . 1 
1 . 4 
. . 2 
. . 3 
. 1 2 
. . 1 
. . 1 

1 1 '2 
. . 1 

1 64 7 116 


D. 
'l 

2 

1 
1 
1 

'l 

'l 

1 
1 

29 


c. 

2 
3 

2 
47 


D. C. 
1 . 

1 '. 

1 . 

1 . 

1 1 
. 1 
. 1 

1 1 
1 . 

1 2 
1 1 
. 1 

1 2 

. 2 

. 2 
22 17 


D. C D. 
. 1 . 
1 1 1 

1 2 
. 1 1 

1 • . . 

.' 1 .' 
1.1. 

1 1 'l . 

2 'l 1 1 
• 2 . 

. • 1 
. 1 . . 

.ill 

1 1 . 1 

5 16 4 


:. D. C. 

. 3 

. 1 
1 1 1 

1 2 
.' 3 

1 1 . 
. 1 

1 1 

. 1 

2 1 38 2 


D. C. 

5 
1 10 
1 6 
1 12 
. 5 
. 12 
1 5 

4 
. 3 

5 

5 
1 4 
1 . 

*3 

2 

2 
'l 

2 

315 


D. 

14 
11 
5 
5 
9 
6 
6 
5 
2 
6 
3 
2 
1 

*3 
1 

*1 

229 


c. 

2 

2 
21 

4 

3 
3 

2 
3 
1 

5 
1 

4 
1 

5 

2 
63 


D. 

4 
3 

4 

1 
2 
1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

20 


C. 

53 
49 
32 
28 
35 
64 
43 
40 
35 
30 
61 
40 
39 
20 
21 
23 
20 
15 
24 
25 
26 
13 
18 
16 
7 
17 
15 
12 
3 
5 
4 

2141 


D. 

23 
20 
14 
12 
20 
18 
15 

9 

9 
13 
19 
14 
12 

5 

4 

8 

6 

2 

3 

2 

9 

4 

3 

4 

1 
10 

3 

2 

3 

2 

1 

747| 



APPENDIX No. 4.— Continued. 





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APPENDIX NO. 5 * 



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3 
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CD 

IS 



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tO 


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r-i 


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r-1 


tO 
rH 


CO 
CO 
rH 


tO 
OS 


O 


CM 


co 

rH 


00 
rH 


CO 
r-i 


CM 

rH 

o 

rH 


l-S 


rH 


rH 


s-s§ 








• 




<m 




r-i 




• 










CO 


ooo 
00 += o> 










CM 


o 


rH 
rH 


CO 














r-i 

<M 


2-SS 


• 






to 


05 


o 


rH 
r-i 


CM 


CM 


r-i 


rH 








rH 
-H 


8£g 


• • 


rH 


• 


CO 


CD 
rH 


CO 
CM 


Oi 
rH 


r-i 


<M 


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r-i 


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CO 

o 

r-i 


O o o 
o -Jj <o 


rH 


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to 

CM 


00 

CM 


rH 
CO 


co 

r-i 


CO 
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CM 


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r-i 


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CO 
rH 





rH 






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CM 


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co 


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t^ 


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r-i 


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r-i 








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* This table, referred to on page 45, is there incorrectly marked as No. 4. 



BOAKD OF HEALTH, 1849-50. 

City. — John Lindsay, No. 8 Belmont Place. 

Edward C. Markley, No. 13 S. Schuylkill Seventh st., and No. 4 Minor st. 
John A. Elkinton, M.D., No. 102 North Fifth street. 
Edward Duff, No. 39 Eace street, and No. 35 North Wharves. 
John C. Martin, No. 319 Spruce street. 

Samuel W. Weer, No. 147 North Twelfth street, and No. 21 South Eighth st. 
Northern Liberties. — Benjamin E. Carpenter, No. 215 Coates street. 

William Goodwin, No. 305 North Second street. 
Spring Garden. — Wilson Jewell, M.D., No. 238 North Sixth street 

J. D. Logan, M.D., No. 27 Logan Square. 
Southwark. — Benjamin Martin, No. 463 South Second street. 

Robert G. Simpson, No. 123 Queen street. 
Motamensing. — Robert F. Christy, No. 239 South Ninth street. 
Kensington. — Jeremiah E. Eldridge, Germantown Road above Fifth street. 

Charles Delany, No. 43 Queen street. 
Richmond. — Oliver Evans, William st., between Point no Point Road and Delaware. 
Penn. — Joseph Wood, No. 443 North Seventh street, above Poplar street. 
West Philadelphia.— Henry Pleasants M.D., Washington above Mary street, W. P, 



OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. 

President. — John Lindsay. 

Secretary. — Benjamin E. Carpenter. 

Treasurer — Samuel W. Weer. 

Clerk.— Samuel P. Marks, No. 376 South Fifth street. 

Solicitor. — J. A. Phillips, No. 56 South Sixth street. 

Steward of Lazaretto. — Martin Kochersperger, Lazaretto. 

Physician of City Hospital.— Wm. B. Wilson, M.D., No. 163 Arch street. 

Matron of City Hospital,— Lydia Tomlinson, Hospital. 



EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. 

Health Officer. — George P. Little, No. 126 Catharine street, above Third. 
Port Physician. — Willirm Henry, M.D., No. 321 South Second street. 
Lazaretto Physician. — James S. Rich, M.D., Lazaretto. 
Quarantine Master. — John H. Cheyney, Lazaretto. 



Messenger.— Charles P. Thiesen, Redwood street, Ibelow Fifth street. 
Assistant Messenger. — Thomas Bedford, No. 42 Tammany street. 
Runner. — David Brown, No. 62 Gaskill street. 



STANDING COMMITTEES. 



No. 1.— SANITARY. 

Elkinton, Weer, Eldridge, Carpenter, B. Martin. 

Jewell, Wood. 

No. 2.— LAZARETTO. 

Duff, J. C. Martin, Evans, Delany, Logan, 

Christy, Simpson. 

No. 3.— ACCOUNTS. 
Wood, Duff, Delany, J. C. Martin, Goodwin. 



No. 4.— OFFICE. 
Weer, Eldridge, Carpenter. 

No. 5.— POTJDRETTE. 

Jewell, B. Martin, Elkinton, Simpson, Christy, 

Markley, Pleasants. 

No. 6.— BURIAL GROUNDS. 
Pleasants, Evans, B. Martin, Goodwin, Markley. 

No. 7.— BILLS OF MORTALITY. 
Logan, Goodwin. 



NUISANCES. 



No. 8. — N. W. District, S. Garden and Penn. 
Jewell, Carpenter, Wood, Logan. 

No. 9. — N.E. District, Kensington, Northern 

Liberties and Richmond. 

Eldridge, Evans, Delany, Goodwin. 

No. 10.— North City District. 
Duff, Weer, Elkinton, 



No. 11.— South City District. 
J. C. Martin, Lindsay, Markley. 

No. 12. — Southwark and Moyamensing. 
B. Martin, Simpson, Christy. 

No. 13.— West Philadelphia. 
Pleasants. 



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STATISTICS OF CHOLERA: 



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SANITARY MEASURES 



ADOPTED r.Y 



THE BOARD OF HEALTH 



PRIOR TO, AND DURING THE PREVALENCE OF 
THE EPIDEMIC IN PHILADELPHIA, 



IN THE SUMMER OF 1849. 



CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 



Prepared by the Satr.tary Committee, approved by the Board, and ordered for publication. 
October 10th, 1849. 



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PHILADELPHIA: 

KING & BAIRD, PRINTERS, No. 9 SANSOM STREET. 

18 49. 



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